Chapter 8

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

Is the study of the compunds of carbon

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

Are compounds containing only hydrogens and carbons

Question 3

Saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Contain only single bonds

Question 4

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Contain double or triple bonds

Question 5

Cyclic hydrocarbons

Answer 5

Are arranged in a ring
Unsaturated hydrocarbons make up the aromatic series with the simplest member being benzene, C6H6
Have cyclo- before the name

Question 6

Properties of hydrocarbons

Answer 6

Insoluble in water because they are non-polar

Boiling point increases as carbon chain length increase because dispersion forces increase with the size

Question 7

Alkanes

Answer 7

Are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds
End in -ane
Has the formula CnH2n+2

Question 8

Homologous series

Answer 8

Any series of organic compounds in which each successive member differs by CH2

Question 9

Reactions of alkanes

Answer 9

Oxidation/combustion - hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
Substitution reactions - Alkanes react with halogen and they swap one of their atoms, the products are known as haloalkanes, in the presence of UV light, produces2 byproducts

Question 10

Isomers

Answer 10

Are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 11

Alkenes

Answer 11

Has a double bond
Ends in -ene
Has the formula CnH2n

Question 12

Reactions of alkenes

Answer 12

Undergo combustion/oxidation to form carbon dioxide and water
Addition reactions - react with halogens and combine and halogens replace the hydrogens, on each side of the carbon
Self addition - which the double bond breaks to form polymers

Question 13

Alkynes

Answer 13

Contains triple bonds
Ends in -yne
Formula is CnH2n-2

Question 14

Which homologus series has higher bp/mp?

Answer 14

Alkynes becuase they have the strongest bond

Question 15

Reactions of alkynes

Answer 15

Undergo combustion and addition reactions

Question 16

Rules for naming hydrocarbons

Answer 16

1. Determine longest carbon chains
2. Determine where the double/triple bond is
3. Number the carbon atoms from the end chosen
4. Name branches firstfirst with the ending -yl and include the correct prefix
5. When two or more branches occur on the same carbon atoms the number is indicated for each branch and the names are given in alphabetical order
6. When two or more identical branches occur on different carbon atoms, it uses the prefixes di, tri, tetra

Question 17

Condensed formulas

Answer 17

Is a way of representing the structural formula of an organic compund in a single line

Question 18

Condensed formula rules

Answer 18

Brackets are used to indicate side chains and if there are repeating CH groups

Question 19

Fuctional group

Answer 19

Is an atom of group of atoms, or a bond, that gives an organic molecule its specific properties

Question 20

Alcohols

Answer 20

Have a hydroxy group, OH as theri functional group

Named the same as hydrocarbons with the ending -ol

Question 21

Properties of alcohols

Answer 21

Hydrogen bonding increases boiling points and because dispersion forces increase with size for non-polar molecules
Soluble in water for smaller ones because of polar hydroxy group but decreased solubility as they increase in size because of increasing non-polar sections

Question 22

Reactions of alcohols

Answer 22

Undergo combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water

Question 23

Carboxylic acids

Answer 23

Contain the functional group -COOH

End in -oic acid

Question 24

Properties of carboxylic acids

Answer 24

Hydrogen bonding creates high boiling points and solubility

Question 25

Reactions of functional groups

Answer 25

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to make ester and water

Removes the water molecule and the leftover creates an ester which is named -yl -onoate

Question 26

Where do hydrocarbons come from?

Answer 26

They come from crude oil which is formed from long dead organisms which are subjected to high amounts of heat and pressure over a long period of time

Question 27

Fractional distillation

Answer 27

Crude oil is heated and passed it through a fractionating tower where it reliquidfies at the certain temperatures

Question 28

Products of fractional distillation

Answer 28

Gas, 1-4, bottled gas
Petrol, 4-12, car fuel
Kerosene, 9-16, jet fuel
Diesel oil, 15-25, fuel
Lubrication oil, 20-70, lubricants and waxes
Bitumen residue, >70, road surfaces

Question 29

Thermal cracking

Answer 29

Placing hydrocarbons under high temperatures to crack into smaller hydrocarbons

Question 30

Catalytic cracking

Answer 30

Using a catalyst to crack the larger into smaller hydrocarbons

Question 31

Advantages of catalytic cracking

Answer 31

Doesnt require high energy

Increases the speed of reaction

Question 32

When do you use liquid sign on combustion?

Answer 32

Pentane