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Biology 121 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolic pathway

A

breaks down complex molecules into simple molecules

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2
Q

anabolic pathway

A

builds simple molecules into complex molecules

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3
Q

chemical energy

A

refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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4
Q

potential energy

A

energy the object possesses but is not in motion

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5
Q

heat energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

moving energy

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7
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred or transformed

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8
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

each energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe. unusable energy is released as heat

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9
Q

free energy

A

the more ΔG available (the more negative the reaction) the more work can be done

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10
Q

high altitude -> low altitude

A

increase in stability and decrease in ΔG

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11
Q

entropy

A

measure of randomness

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12
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs energy to complete the reaction

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13
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy from the start of the reaction to the end

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14
Q

enthalpy

A

change in total energy

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15
Q

energy coupling

A

energy that was released from an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction

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16
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

the addition of a water molecule to break off a phosphate to create ADP

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17
Q

catalyst

A

increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy

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18
Q

cofactor

A

non-protein helpers during catalyzation

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19
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors ex: vitamins

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20
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecule that acts as a catalyst in a reaction

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21
Q

activation energy

A

the initial energy for starting a reaction

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22
Q

enzymes affect activation energy

A

more enzymes = faster reactions until saturation occurs

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23
Q

limits to reaction rates

A

high temperature denatures proteins’ activation sites and kills cells. pH acidity can cause enzymes to die

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24
Q

active sites

A

only part of the enzyme that a substrate binds to

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25
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

enzymes binds to its substrate forming a complex

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26
Q

Redox reactions

A

a reaction that involves both a oxidative and reductive process

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27
Q

NAD+

A

functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration

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28
Q

NADH

A

transport electrons to the mitochondria where the cell can harvest energy stored in the electrons

29
Q

stages of cellular respiration and locations

A 
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
Pyruvate Oxidation: Mit. Matrix
Citric Acid Cycle: Mit. Matrix
ETC: Inner Mit. Membrane
ATP Synthase: Inner Mit. Memebrane
30
Q

stepwise energy harvesting

A

During cellular respiration the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced.

31
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

uses an enzyme to bring in the additional phosphate group from a substrate molecule

32
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

stores energy released form each step of the ETC to make ATP

33
Q

Glycolysis 2 phases

A

Investment phase: uses 2 ATP to break a 6-Carbon molecule into 2 pyruvate
Payoff Phase: gains 4 ATP and ends with G3P

34
Q

kinase

A

transfer of phosphate

35
Q

isomerase

A

en enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a specified compound to an isomer

36
Q

dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen atoms from a particular molecule

37
Q

Reaction in Pyruvate oxidation forming Acetyl CoA

A
  1. ) Pyruvate carboxyl group is given off as 1 molecule of Co2
  2. ) Remaining 2 - Co2 are oxidized, forming acetate. The extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH.
  3. ) Coenzyme A is attached to acetate forming Acetyl CoA
38
Q

Citric Acid Cycle 1st reaction. Why is it a cycle? Decarboxylation?

A

1.) Acetyl CoA binds with Oxaloacetate to form Citrate (a 6-Carbon mol).
It is a cycle because without the product oxaloacetate, Acetyl CoA can not bind to it to form citrate.
Decarboxylation: removes carboxyl groups and releases Co2

39
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

a group of compounds that pass electrons from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of protons across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

40
Q

Cytochromes

A

function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways

41
Q

cytochrome oxidase

A

last enzyme in the respiratory ETC

42
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?

A

the ATP Synthase protein

43
Q

How free energy changes and its relation to ATP synthesis

A

because there is a proton gradient in the form of hydrogen ions the ATP Synthase uses the pumping of hydrogen to create ATP

44
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

45
Q

ATP Synthase

A

the enzyme that actually make ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate.

46
Q

Proton-Motive Force

A

emphasis on the capacity of the gradient to perform work. the force drives H+ back across the membrane through the H+ channels provided by the ATP synthase

47
Q

Energy obtained from 1 molecule of glucose

A

Glycolysis makes: 2 ATP, 2 NADPH
Pyruvate Oxidation makes: 2 NADPH
Citric Acid Cycle makes: 2 ATP, 6 NADPH, 2 FADH2

Total: 4 ATP, 10 NADPH, 2 FADH2

48
Q

ΔG for ATP
ΔG for NADPH
ΔG for FADH2

A

ΔG for ATP = -7.3 kcal/mol
ΔG for NADPH = -53 kcal/mol
ΔG for FADH2 = (0.66 x -53) kcal/mol

49
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
1.) a mol of Co2 is release and pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde.
2.) acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.
this than regenerates NAD+

50
Q

Lactic Acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of Co2

51
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

harvesting chemical energy without oxygen

52
Q

aerobic respiration

A

O2 is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuels to harvest energy

53
Q

thylakoid

A

each of the flattened sacs inside the chloroplast

54
Q

stroma

A

the dense fluid inside the chloroplast

55
Q

granum

A

the entire stack of thylakoids embedded in the stoma

56
Q

thylakoid space

A

the inside of the thylakoid

57
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between the crests of the electromagnetic waves

58
Q

photon

A

the fundamental particle of visible light. each of their own quantity of energy

59
Q

fluorescence

A

the property of absorbing light of a short wavelength and emitting light of a longer wavelength

60
Q

absorption

A

the process by with things are absorbed or is absorbed by another thing

61
Q

reflection

A

the throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it

62
Q

transmission

A

the action of transmitting something or the state of being transmitted

63
Q

photoexcitation

A

the process of exciting the atoms or molecules of a substance by the absorption of radiant energy

64
Q

resonance transfer

A

a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules

65
Q

antenna pigments

A

is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane plants, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll A molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.

66
Q

carotenoids

A

hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light. may broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

67
Q

photophosphorylation

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis. Occurs during photosystem 1

68
Q

Light reactions

A

need light to produce organic energy molecules, ATP and NADPH. initiated by colored pigments, mainly green colored chlorophylls

Biology 121 (1 decks)

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