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Chapter 8 Sense > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

5th sense

A

equilibrium, housed in the ear

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2
Q

Of all the sensory receptors, what % are in the eyes?

A

70%

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3
Q

The accessory structures of the eye include the

A

extrinsic eye muscle
eyelids
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus

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4
Q

Anteriorly eyes are protected by

A

eyelids

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5
Q

Eyelids meet at the

A

medial and lateral commissure

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6
Q

The space between the eyelids in an open eye

A

palpebral fissure

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7
Q

Glands that produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye

A

Tarsal gland

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8
Q

Modified sweat glands

A

Ciliary glands, lies between the eyelashes

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9
Q

Lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball

A

Conjunctiva

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10
Q

Conjunctiva secrets?

What does it do?

A

Mucus, which helps to lubricate the eyeball and keep it moist

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11
Q

Inflammation of conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

results in reddened, irritated eyes.

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12
Q

Pinkeye

A

caused by bacteria or virus

highly contagious

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13
Q

Located above the lateral end of each eye

A

lacrimal glands

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14
Q

The tears flush across the eyeball into the; then into the; and finally into the

A

Lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

Lacrimal secretion contains

A

mucus
antibodies
lysozyme

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16
Q

An enzyme that destroys bacteria

A

lysozyme

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17
Q

Causes congestion and sniffles

A

When lacrimal secretion increases substantially, tears spill over the eyelids and fill the nasal cavities, causing congestion and the sniffles.

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18
Q

How many extrinsic or external eye muscles are attached to the outer surface of each eye

A

6

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19
Q

What makes it possible for eyes to follow a moving object

A

extrinsic or external eye muscles

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20
Q

Role of eyelids

A

to protect the eyes

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21
Q

structure of the eye that forms tears

A

Lacrimal gland

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22
Q

what are tears?

A

dilute saline solution that contains lysozyme and antibodies

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23
Q

visual role of the external eye muscles?

A

direct the eyeball towards whatever you wish to see

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24
Q

eye itself commonly called

A

eyeball, is a hollow sphere

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25
Q

The interior of the eyeball is filled with fluids called

A

humors, that help to maintain its shape

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26
Q

The main focusing apparatus of the eye

A

lens

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27
Q

Lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally

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28
Q

Medial rectus

A

moves eye medially

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29
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially

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30
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially

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31
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

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32
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

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33
Q

Outermost layer of the eye

A

Fibrous layer

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34
Q

Fibrous layer consists of the protective; transport

A

sclera

cornea

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35
Q

“white of the eye”

A

The sclera, thick, glistening white connective tissue

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36
Q

Cornea is well supplied with

A

nerve endings, most are pain fibers

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37
Q

Most exposed part of the eye and the most vulnerable to damage

A

cornea

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38
Q

The only part of the body that is transplanted from one person to another without the worry of rejection

A

cornea

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39
Q

cornea has no

A

blood vessels, beyond the reach of the immune system

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40
Q

Middle layer of the eyeball

A

Vascular layer

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41
Q

3 regions of vascular layer

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
iris

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42
Q

A blood rich nutritive tunic that contains a dark pigment

A

choroid

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43
Q

choroid is attached by 2 smooth muscle

A

ciliary body and iris

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44
Q

The pigmented iris has a rounded opening

A

pupil, through which the light passes through

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45
Q

Innermost layer of the eye

A

sensory layer

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46
Q

The outer pigmented layer of retina is composed of pigmented cells that

A

absorb light and prevent light from scattering inside the eye

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47
Q

Outer pigmented layer of the retina also acts as

A

phagocytes to remove dead or damaged receptors cells and store vitamin A needed for vision

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48
Q

Describe optic disc

A

The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire retina, except where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. This area is called the optic disc

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49
Q

Another name for optic disc

A

blind spot

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50
Q

When light from an object is focused on the optic disk

A

the object disappears from our view and we cannot see it

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51
Q

Rods allow us to see in

A

gray tones in dim light and they provide our peripheral vision

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52
Q

Anything that interferes with rod function hinders our ability to see at night, a condition called

A

night blindness

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53
Q

Cause of night blindness?

A

prolonged vitamin A deficiency

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54
Q

Vitamin A is one of the building blocks

A

of the pigments of the photoreceptor cells need to respond to light

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55
Q

Allows us to see in color

A

Cones

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56
Q

densest in the center of the retina and decrease in number toward the retinal edge

A

cones

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57
Q

A tiny pit that contains only cones

A

foveacentralis, greatest visual acuity

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58
Q

Lack of all 3 cone type results in total

A

color blindness

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59
Q

Lack of one cone type leads to

A

partial blindness

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60
Q

sex linked condition

A

color blindness, occurs exclusively in men

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61
Q

Light entering the eye is focused on the retina by

A

lens

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62
Q

Lens become hard and opaque as we age, causes vision to become hazy and distorted

A

Cartaracts

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63
Q

The lens divides the eye into 2 segments

A 
Anterior segment (aqueous humor)
Posterior segment (vitreous humor)
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64
Q

Helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing inward by reinforcing it internally

A

vitreous humor

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65
Q

FUnctions of aqueous humor

A
  • maintain intraocular pressure

- provide nutrients for the avascular lens and cornea

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66
Q

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the venous blood through the

A

scleral venous sinus or canal of schlemm

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67
Q

Common cause of blindness in the elderly

A

glaucoma

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68
Q

Used to measure the intraocular pressure

A

tonometer

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69
Q

Instrument that illuminates the interior of the eye ball, allowing retina, optic disc and internal of the eyeball to be examined

A

ophthalmoscope

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70
Q

examination of the interior of the eye can reveal

A

diabetes, arteriosclerosis and degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

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71
Q

When light passes from one substance to another substance that has a different density, its

A

speed changes and its rays are bent or refracted

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72
Q

Refractive or bending, power of the cornea and humors is

A

constant

73
Q

The resting eye is set for

A

distant vision

74
Q

Light from a close object tends to

A

scatter and to diverge or spread out

75
Q

Ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects

A

accommodation

76
Q

The image formed on the retina as a result of the light bending activity of the lends is a

A

real image

77
Q

Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes

A

Hemianopia

78
Q

Hemianopia results from

A

damage to the visual cortex on one side only

79
Q

What are necessary for proper eye function

A

internal and external eye muscles

80
Q

Internal muscles are controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system

81
Q

Rectus and oblique muscles are

A

external muscles

82
Q

The external muscles control

A

eye movements and make it possible to follow moving objects

83
Q

Reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects

A

Convergence

84
Q

Photopupillary reflex

A

When the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils immediately constrict

85
Q

Pupils constrict reflexively when we view close objects

A

accommodation pupillary reflex

86
Q

What are the refractory media of the eye?

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitrous humor

87
Q

What must be stirred to stimulate the receptors of the ear?

A

fluids

88
Q

Sound vibrations move fluid to stimulate

A

hearing receptors

89
Q

Receptors sensitive to mechanical pressures such as sound, touch or contractions

A

mechanoreceptors

90
Q

Information from this helps us to maintain our balance

A

hearing apparatus

91
Q

3 major areas of the ear

A

External
middle
Internal

92
Q

Structures that are involved with hearing only

A

external and middle ear

93
Q

Functions in both equilibrium and hearing

A

Internal ear

94
Q

External ear is composed of the

A

auricle and the external acoustic meatus

95
Q

Another name for auricle?

A

pinna

96
Q

Most people call this ear

A

auricle or pina

97
Q

Describe auricle

A

shell shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening.

98
Q

The function of auricle in human

A

is generally lost

99
Q

Describe external acoustic meatus

A

S short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull

100
Q

Another name of external acoustic meatus

A

auditory canal

101
Q

In External acoustic meatus’s skin lined walls

What does it secrete?

A

Ceruminous glands

waxy yellow cerumen or earwax

102
Q

Function of carumen or earwax?

A

Provides a sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects

103
Q

Sound waves entering the auditory canal eventually hit the

A

tympanic membrane or eardrum

104
Q

The canal ends at

A

the eardrum which separates the external from the middle ear

105
Q

Another name for middle ear

A

tympanic cavity

106
Q

Describe middle ear

A

small air filled, mucosa lined cavity within the temporal bone

107
Q

Middle ear is flanked by

A

eardrum

bony wall with 2 openings, oval and round window

108
Q

Runs obliquely downward to link the middle ear cavity with the throat and mucosa lining

A

Pharyngotympanic tube or auditory tube

109
Q

Inflammation of the middle ear

A

otitis media

110
Q

otitis media

A

common result of a soar throat, especially in children, whose pharyngotympanic tubes run more horizontally

111
Q

What is required when large amounts of fluid or pus accumulate in the cavity?

A

an emergency myringotomy

112
Q

Not a good idea to feed infants when they are lying flat?

A

The more horizontal course of the pharyngotympanic tube

113
Q

Inner ear is a maze of bony chambers called the

A

bony or osseous labyrinth

114
Q

3 subdivisions of the bony osseous labyrinth

A

peasized cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals

115
Q

the bony labyrinth is filled with a plasmalike fliud called?

Suspended in it?

A

perilymph

Membranous labyrinth?

116
Q

Describe membranous labyrinth

A

a system of membrane sacs that more or less follows the shape of the bony labyrinth

117
Q

membranous labyrinth contains a thicker fliud called

A

endolymph

118
Q

Which structures of the ear transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window?

A

The ossicles

119
Q

Does not see hear or feel

A

equilibrium sense

120
Q

equilibrium respond to what?

A

head movements

121
Q

the equilibrium receptors of the inner ear, collectively called the

A

vestibular apparatus

122
Q

vestibular apparatus can be divided into

A

static equilibrium

dynamic equilibrium

123
Q

Maculae

A

receptors within the membrane sacs of the vestibule

124
Q

maculae are essential to our sense of

A

static equilibrium

125
Q

macula help us to

A

keep the head erect

126
Q

jelly like mass studded with otoliths

A

otolithic membrane

tine stones made of calcium salts

127
Q

A division of cranial nerve VII

A

vestibular nerve

128
Q

dyanatic equilibrium receptors are found and what does it respond to?

A

in the semicircular canals

respond to angular or rotatory movements of the head rather than to straight like movements

129
Q

Semicircular canals are orients in

A

3 planes of space

130
Q

A swollen region at the base of each membranous semicircular canal

A

ampulla

131
Q

A receptor region within the ampulla

A

crista ampullaris or crista

132
Q

Crista consists of a tuft of hair cells covered with a gelatinous cap called the

A

cupula

133
Q

Bending of the cupula in the opposite direction reduces

A

impulse regeneration

134
Q

what sense do the vestibule and semicircular canals serve?

A

balance or equilibrium

135
Q

The hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located in

A

Spiral organ of Corli

136
Q

The chambers above and below the cochlear duct contain

A

perilymph

137
Q

protects photoreceptors

A

photopupillary reflex

138
Q

ciliary body brings about the

A

lens bulge

139
Q

circular muscles of the iris produce the

A

accommodation pupillary reflex

140
Q

function of maculae

A

report on changes in the position of the head in space with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving

141
Q

helps us to keep our head erect

A

maculae

142
Q

within the membrane sacs of the vestibules are receptors called

A

maculae

143
Q

Each macula is a patch of receptor hair cells with their hairs embedded in the

A

otolithic membrane

144
Q

dynamic equilibrium receptors are found in

A

semicircular canals

145
Q

dynamic equilibrium respond to

A

angular or rotatory movements of the head rather than to straight like movements

146
Q

swollen region at the base of each membranous semicircular canal

A

ampulla

147
Q

within ampulla is a receptor region called

A

crista ampullaris

148
Q

responsible for dynamic and static equilibrium

A

receptors of the semicircular canals and vestibules

149
Q

The hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located in

A

Spiral organ of Corti

150
Q

chambers above and below the cochlear duct contains

A

perilymph

151
Q

used to diagnose ear problems

A

tuning fork or audiometry testing

152
Q

types of deafness

A

conduction and sensorineural

153
Q

conduction deafness results when

A

something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear. Build up of ear wax

154
Q

fusion of the ossicles

A

otosclerosis

155
Q

causes of conduction deafness

A

otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum and otitis media

156
Q

sensorineural deafness occurs when

A

there is degeneration or damage to the receptor cells in the spiral organ of Corti, to the cochlear nerve or to neurons of the auditory cortex

157
Q

sensorineural deafness often results from

A

listening to loud sounds

158
Q

serious pathology of the inner ear

A

Meniere’s syndrome

159
Q

cause of Meniere’s syndrome

A

degeneration of cranial nerve 8, arteriosclerosis and increased pressure of the inner ear fliuds

160
Q

in Meniere’s syndrome, what occurs?

A

progressive deafness

161
Q

sensation of spinning

A

vertigo

162
Q

becomes inflated and swollen during cold or nasal inflammation

A

lacrimal mucosa

163
Q

lens is attached by a suspensory ligaments called

A

ciliary zonule

164
Q

electrical signals pass from the photoreceptors via a 2 neuron chain

A

bipolar cells and ganglion

165
Q

most common partial color blindness

A

red or green receptors

166
Q

genes regulating color vision are on

A

X (female) sex chromosome

167
Q

vitreous segment is filled with a gel like substance called

A

vitreous humor or vitreous body

168
Q

aqueous humor is located at the

A

junction of the schlera and cornea

169
Q

posterior wall of the eye

A

fundus

170
Q

at the optic chiasma

A

the fibers from the media side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain

171
Q

runs to the occupital lobe of the brain

A

optic radiation

172
Q

reading requires

A

photopupillary reflex and accommodation pupillary reflex

173
Q

muscles of the ciliary body

A

bring about the lens bulge

174
Q

circular muscles of the iris produce

A

accommodation pupillary reflex

175
Q

pharyngotypanic tubes can be opened by

A

yawning

176
Q

smallest bones in the body

A

ossicles

177
Q

function of ossicles

A

transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear

178
Q

chemical substances must be dissolved in aqueous solution to

A

excite the receptors for smell and taste

Chapter 8 Sense (1 decks)

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