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Chapter 8: Physiological Assessments > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

-Major problem associated with tests that require performance to fatigue

A

point of fatigue is highly influenced by the client’s motivation

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2
Q

test that measures upper body endurance of pectoralis muscles, triceps and anterior deltoids

A

push up test

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3
Q

MOST
common test used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, especially in clinical
settings.

A

Bruce submaximal treadmill test

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4
Q

% of Americans overweight

% of Americans obese, and what % is kids and teens

age/ gender most overweight

A

65%

35.7 % , 18%

women 60 years and older

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5
Q
  • HR – last 15 seconds of each minute
  • BP – last 45 seconds of each stage
  • RPE – last 5 seconds of each minute
  • S/S – personal observations and client observations
A

-Variable to assess during an exercise test

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6
Q

step tests fitness level is determined by

A

immediate post exercise recovery HR

*lower the exercising or recovery HR the higher level of fitness

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7
Q

6 reps = % 1-RM

A

85%

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8
Q

bluish discoloration, due to reduced hemoglobin in blood

A

cyanosis

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9
Q

1 MET =

A

3.5 ml/kg/min

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10
Q

Body fat men

Essential

Athletes

Fitness

Average

Obese

A

2-5%

6-13%

14-17%

18 -24%

25%

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11
Q

BMI

Normal

Overweight

Obese

A

Normal 18.5-24.9

Overweight 25-29.9

Obese 30 34.9

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12
Q

muscular endurance tests 3

A

push up test

mcgills torso test

body weight squat test

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13
Q

Zone 1

A

below VT1

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14
Q

Body fat % men

athletes

fitness

A

6-13%

14-17%

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15
Q

-Clarify the following BEFORE an assessment: (8)

A
  • Medication/supplements
  • Musculoskeletal injuries
  • Sickness
  • Time of last meal
  • Client provides RPE
  • HR and BP
  • Client must perform test as advised
  • Test will cease if any significant discomfort
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16
Q

absolute strength / body weight (absolute strength = amount of weight lifted)

A

relative strength

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17
Q

Anthropometric measures (3)

A

Marker of obesity

(% body fat, BMI and waist circumference) or increased risk (WHR)

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18
Q

Every 1 inch increase in waist circumference (5)

A

BP increase 10%

blood cholesterol increase 8%

HDL decreases by 15%

triglycerides increase by 18%

metabolic syndrome increase 18%

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19
Q

% of clients estimated 1-RM should client use during 2nd warm up set

A

70-75%

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20
Q

8 reps = %1-RM

A

80%

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21
Q

Lack of accuracy related to estimated maximal oxygen uptake – 2 variables:

A
  • Calculations based on 220 – age equation. + or – 12bpm
  • Based on assumption everyone expends same amt of energy AND uses the same amt of oxygen…submaximal will underestimate or overestimate the true maximum for the client
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22
Q

-at near maximal intensities anaerobic glycolysis causes 2

A
  • Increase in carbon dioxide

* Overcompensation in breathing frequency

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23
Q

How accurately a person can change direction

Acceleration
Stabilization
Deceleration

A

Agility

Stages (3)

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24
Q

measures amount of air displaced when sitting in machine

2 values - air and body weight

A

air dysplacement plethysmography

BODPOD

ADP

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25
Q

cycling tests may underestimate due to

treadmill test BP may be higher due to

A

premature leg fatigue

prolonged muscular contractions

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26
Q

Which test does not use predicted MHR or predicted vo2 max but uses measured HR?

A

Submaximal talk test at VT1

client recites passage at end of first stages - rates difficulty

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27
Q

Fitness test inaccuracy: environment 4

A

distractions
privacy
temperature
weather conditions

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28
Q

measures electrical signal as pass through lean mass, fat and water

optimal hydration necessary

A

bioelectrical impedance analysis

BIA

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29
Q

Body size measurements include

A

height,
weight,
girth (circumference) measurements, etc

. These measurements can be used to determine your Body Mass Index (BMI) or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR),

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30
Q
  • Called “crossover” point
  • Lactate accumulating faster than can be cleared
  • Person must breather faster to blow off CO2
A

VT1

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31
Q

Fitness test inaccuracy: equipment 3

A

improper calibration
mismatched to subject
failure, out of order

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32
Q
  • test that measures client’s ability to accelerate, decelerate, change direction and accelerate again
A

pro agility test

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33
Q

Rate at which a person responds to a stimulus

A

Reactivity

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34
Q

Calculate BMI

209 lbs

5’8”

A

209 / 2.2 = 95kg

68 inches x 2.54 = 173 cm

173 / 100 = 1.73

BMI = 95 kg / (1.73) squared = 31.8

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35
Q

WHR - women

excellent

at risk

A

less than .75

greater than .86

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36
Q

2 populations unfairly categorized

A

extremely muscular or large frame

elderly with decreased lean tissue AND EXCESS body fat

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37
Q

Muscle endurance tests : 3

A

Push up

Curl up

Body weight squat

McGill torso test

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38
Q
  • Ability to talk comfortably HIGHLY related to

- speaking comfortably indicates

A

VT1

below VT1

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39
Q

-2 methods for determining MHR:

A
  1. GXT – graded exercise test – measure HR with an EKG

2. Use a prediction equation formula use formula with deviation closer to 7 bpm**must be used WITH RPE

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40
Q

Perform body comp assessments

A

quarterly

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41
Q

LB TO KG

INCH TO CM

CM TO M

A

LB / 2.2

INCH x 2.54

CM / 100

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42
Q

Girth measurement good predictor of

waist circumference correlates to

A

disease

heart disease

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43
Q

failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscle action

A

ataxia

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44
Q

THIS TEST ESTIMATES V•
O2
MAX USING A SINGLE-STAGE, SIX-MINUTE
submaximal cycling protocol.

A

cycle ergometer test

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45
Q

Body composition testing - client must (2)

A

Must be properly hydrated

Do not exercise prior to testing

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46
Q
  • muscle’s ability to resist fatigue and perform work for several reps
A

muscle endurance

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47
Q

women skinfold test sites 3

direction of each

A

triceps - half way btwn shoulder and elbow - verticle

thigh - midline of thigh - vertical

suprailium - above anf roward of the crest of ilium - diagnol

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48
Q

skinfold measurement (2)

A

skinfold calipers measure skin and fat

several sites measured

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49
Q

WHR calculation

A

waist measurement / hip measurement

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50
Q

Field tests 2

A

rockport fitness test

1.5 mile run

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51
Q

RPE scale

6-20
6= nothing
20=hardest

A

Borg scale

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52
Q

RCT – respiratory compensation threshold

  • lactate quickly accumulating
  • hyperventilation relative to the extra CO2
  • blowing off CO2 no longer buffers increase in acidity
A

VT2

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53
Q

The test is administered in three-minute stages until the
client achieves 85% of his or her age-predicted maximum heart rate
(MHR).

A

Bruce submaximal treadmill test

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54
Q

push ups improve muscular endurance of

A

chest, shoulders, scapular stabilizers, triceps

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55
Q

Essential fat needed for (5)

A 
Insulation
Thermoregulation
Hormone production 
Cushions vital organs
Maintain body functions
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56
Q

Resources for gaining hands on experiences (4)

A

ACE sponsored workshops

Colleges, university

Experienced trainers, rehab specialists

Repeated practice

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57
Q

Test termination signs (11)

A

Angina
SOB
Poor perfusion - lightheadedness, cynosis, nauses
Drop in SBP greater than 10 mmhg
Excessive rise in BP - SBP greater than 250
DBP greater than 115
Excess fatigue
increased nervous system symptoms - ataxia
Caludication - leg cramps
Client says stop
Severe fatigue
Failure of testing equipment

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58
Q

% of estimated 1RM client should use during first warm up set

A

50%

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59
Q

submaximal strength tests that exceed 10 reps assess

A

muscle endurance

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60
Q

test that estimate VO2max from s clients post exercise HR – 1 mile walk as fast as possible

A

rockport fitness test

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61
Q

step tests not suitable for clients (5)

A
  • Extremely overweight
  • Balance concerns

• Orthopedic problems

• Extremely
deconditioned

• Short in stature – may have trouble with step height

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62
Q

sustainability of power output for brief periods of time

A

anaerobic capacity

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63
Q

-During submaximal exercise ventilation increases 2

A
  • Linearly with oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production

* Occurs through increase in tidal volume

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64
Q

4 phases of cardiorespiratory training ACE IFT Model

A

aerobic base
aerobic efficiency
anaerobic endurance
anaerobic power training

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65
Q

test that determines acceleration and speed

A

40 yard dash

66
Q

BMI calculation

A

weight KG / height squared M

67
Q

the rate at which mechanical work is performed under a defined set of conditions

A

human power

68
Q

-health related benefits of muscular fitness: 6

A
  • Enhances ability to carry out ADL
  • Provides musculoskeletal integrity

• Maintains fat-free mass
• Guards against
ostepporosis

  • Enhances glucose tolerance
  • Reduces cardiovascular response to lifting
69
Q

test that measures HR response at VT1

HR where ability to talk is compromised

A

submaximal talk test for VT1 measures 2

70
Q

fuel prior to VT1

71
Q

most accurate and precise

xray reads bone and soft tissue mass

can identify body fat distribution

A

dual energy xray absorbiometry

DXA

72
Q

heart attack or sudden death _ as likely among gym members than cardiac patients

73
Q

GXT terminated if - 3

A
  1. client can no longer tolerate the activity
  2. Signs/symptoms of test termination
  3. Client achieves pre-determined age -predicted MHR
74
Q

Body mass index and weight to hip ratio have strong correlations to (3)

A

Health
Morbidity
Mortality

75
Q

Android shape (2)

A

apple shape

excess visceral (ab) fat

76
Q

Which body comp test varies based on hydration levels?

77
Q

RER for VT1

RER for VT2

A

.85 to .87

1.0

78
Q

tests that measure cardiorespiratory efficiency and estimate body’s ability to use oxygen

A

VO2 max assessments

79
Q

10 reps = % 1-RM

80
Q

Proportion of lean tissue to body fat tissue

A

Body composition

81
Q

-27 yr old male performs 36 crunches, he would be classified in the

A

— upper range of below average

82
Q

demand for oxygen is met by increasing tidal volume when _ is primary fuel

83
Q

cramp-like pains in the calves

A

claudication

84
Q

4 reasons CRF testing is useful

A

determines functional capacity

determine level of cardiorespiratory function

determine underlying cardiorespiratory abnormalities

periodically reassess progress following training program

85
Q

1-RM Tests 3

A

bench press
leg press
squat

86
Q

12 reps = % 1-RM

87
Q

Sites to measure girth (8)

A 
calf
mid thigh
upper thigh
butt/hips
waist
abdomen
forearm
arm
88
Q

METs at rest

required for ADL

A
  • 1 MET = OXYGEN UPTAKE AT REST = 3.5 ML/KG/MIN

* ADL require capacity of 5 METs

89
Q

under water weighing

measures amont of water displaced when person is submerged

A

Hydrostatic weighing

90
Q

Fitness test inaccuracy: trainer 4

A

inexperience
poor appilcation of protocol
partiality
level of encouragement

91
Q

BMI

*does NOT determine

A

ration btwn height and body weight

body composition

92
Q

breathing frequency during strenuous exercise goes from:

A

12 to 15 breathes per min to 35-45 breaths per min

93
Q

MHR calculation

MHR Tanaka

A

220- age

208 – (0.7 x age)

94
Q

a drastic rise in BP during expiratory force

A

valsalva effect

95
Q

BMI greater then _ increases disease risk

96
Q

near infrared interactance

fiber optic probe measures fat and water

what is the assessment site?

A

NIR

*biceps are assessment site

97
Q

Percent of clients that join a gym that cite weight loss as top reason

98
Q

Muscular strength test

A

1RM test

Bench press

Leg press squat

99
Q

-When CARBS are the primary fuel increased demands for oxygen are met by

A

increase in breathing rate

100
Q

estimation of body’s ability to use oxygen

closely related to functional capacity of the heart

101
Q

the immediate energy available through the phosphagen system **sport or activity specific

102
Q

obese BF %

men

women

A

25% greater

32 % greater

103
Q

RPE scale

6-20 scale

Light

Hard

Very very hard

104
Q

-2 tests to assess anaerobic power

A

standing long jump test and vertical jump test

105
Q

4 phases of functional movement/ resistance training ACE IFT Model

A 
stability/mobility
movement training
load training
performance
training
106
Q

-ventilatory testing not suitable for clients with (3

A
  • asthma, COPD
  • panic/anxiety attacks
  • recovering from recent respiratory infection
107
Q

single repetition or event and represents the maximal amount of power the body can generate

A

anaerobic power

108
Q

Body fat % women

athletes

fitness

A

14-20%

21-24%

109
Q
  • Amount of work performed in a given unit of time

- one single and explosive bout

A

Anaerobic power

110
Q

Obese individuals

  • Clients with orthopedic problems
  • Clients with neuromuscular problems – cannot maintain 50 rotations / min
A

contraindications of cycle ergometer test

111
Q

Valgus tendencies

A

knees drop inward during squat movement

112
Q

men skinfold test sites 3

direction of each

A

chest - btwn crease of underarm and nipple - diagnol

thigh - midline of thigh - verticle

abdominal - to right of the umbilicus - vertical

113
Q

AMOUNT of air inhaled and exhaled per breath

A

Tidal volume

114
Q

Test that assesses lower extremity strength

A

1 R-M squat test

115
Q

submaximal tests allow trainer to

A

estimate V02max

116
Q

Zone 3

A

at Vt2 or above - few minutes

117
Q

Sustainability of power output over a sustained period of time

A

Anaerobic capacity

118
Q

% of fat distributed below the skin

119
Q

test to measure cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance of the legs

A

-1.5 Mile Run Test

120
Q

2 ways to explain body comp testing in lay terms

A

measures how much fat you have in proportion to the weight of muscles, bones and tissue

% of your weight that is fat compared to fat free weight - muscles, bones, tissues

121
Q

greatest amount that can be lifted at one time

• 1 Repetition Maximum 1-RM

A

absolute strength

122
Q

electromagnetic force field to assess body fat

A

total body electrical conductivity

TOBEC

123
Q

To figure weight at certain body fat percentage:

A

Example weighs 180 lb at 20% BF
What will weight be at 15% BF

Figure lean mass first

100% - Current BF% 20 = 80%

180lbs x .80 = 144 LBM

100% - 15% = 85%

144/ 0.85 = 169 lbs

124
Q

to predict HR response at VT2

perform in _phase of CR IFT moddel

A

95% of the 15-20 min HR average

average bmp x .95 = HR at VT2

3 - anaerbic endurance

125
Q

state of ventilation that is no longer directly linked to oxygen demand at a cellular level

A

ventilatory threshold

126
Q

15 reps = % 1-RM

127
Q

Overweight

% = overweight

A

Upward deviation in body weight, based on height

20% ideal weight = overweight

128
Q

HR response is equivalent to 95% of the 15-20 minute average

A

To estimate VT2

129
Q

VO2max tests

A

YMCA bike test - must reach steady state HR
treadmill
rockport fitness test

130
Q

WHR - men

excellent

at risk

A

less than .85

greater than .95

131
Q

test that are valuable in assessing the overall health of a client

A

CRF testing

132
Q

% of clients estimated 1-RM should client use during 3rd warm up set

133
Q

Most practical assessment tool

A

Skinfold testing

134
Q

ventilatory threshold tests 2

A

submaximal talk test for VTI

lactate threshold testing

treadmills or cycle ergometers

135
Q

magnetic fields to assess how much fat and where it’s deposited

136
Q

Body fat women

Essential

Athlete

Fitness

Average

obese

A

10-13%

14-20%

21-24%

25-31 %

32% and higher

137
Q

-clients with hypertension and /or vascular disease should avoid

A

1-RM testing

138
Q

-Before crossover point, need for oxygen is met through

A

increase in tidal volume

139
Q

cardiorespiratory assessments that provide accurate values that can be extrapolated to determine expected maximal efforts

information can be used to determine VO2max

A

submaximal cardiorespiratory testing

140
Q

-VT2 is equivelant to the metabolic marker called

2

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation

anaerobic threshold

141
Q

Measurements of proportions of the body

A

Anthropometry

142
Q

Max heart rate calculations: 3

Standard

Gelish

Tanaka

A

220- age

206.9 - (0.67 x age) Gelish

208 - (0.7 x age) Tanaka

143
Q

Ability to complete complex movements while providing accurate responses to time and intensity

A

Coordination

144
Q

Exercise key components (4)

A

enhances caloric expenditure

strength training minimizes loss of lean tissue

suppresses appetite

makes body efficient at fat burning

145
Q

Zone 2

A

at VT1 to just below VT2 - 20-30 min

146
Q

ability to overcome muscle’s external resistance

A

muscular strength

147
Q

Rate of motion

Rate of change of distance

148
Q

Indicates excess amount of body fat

149
Q

Anaerobic capacity test

A

300 yd shuttle run

150
Q

When measuring an extremely obese client it’s best to use (2)

A

BMI and girth

151
Q

-Indicators for a coronary event: (4)

A
  • A decrease –or a significant increase—in blood pressure with exercise
  • Inadequate HR response to exercise – increase less than 80% OR less than 62% for client on beta blocker
  • Exercise duration – longer client can tolerate the test =less likely to die of CAD

• HR recovery – reduction of 12 bpm, 1 minute after post exercise STANDING
reduction of 22 bpm, 2 minutes after post exercise SITTING

152
Q

test that measures HR response to incremental and pre-determined 3 minute work loads that elicit higher HR responses

A

YMCA bike test

153
Q

gynoid shape (2)

A

pear shape

excess hip and thigh fat

154
Q

body density 2

A

amount of area or space the body occupies

total body mass

155
Q

Excess abdominal fat associated with

A

insulin resistance

156
Q

Fitness test inaccuracy: client 7

A 
fatigue
motivation
excess activity prior
food intake prior
hydration levels
chronic health  conditions
medication/supplements
157
Q

all skin fold measurements taken on

pinch skin _ above measurement site

A

right side

1 cm

158
Q

VO2max conversion

mL/kg/min

A

convert L to mL .. multiply L x 1000

covert lb to kg… lb / 2.2

divide mL/kg…

= mL/kg/min

159
Q

Which test uses immediate post recovery HR to assess client fitness level?

A

YMCA submaximal step test

160
Q

Which sport is vertical jump least useful for?

161
Q

to estimate 1-RM

A

multiply weight being lifted consistently for 8 reps by 1.255

162
Q

RPE

0 - 10

Moderate

strong

Very very strong

Chapter 8: Physiological Assessments (2 decks)

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