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Crop Production 103 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis from plants is the fundamental source of food and energy for all other complex life of Earth.

A

True

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2
Q

The reaction for photosynthesis is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + energy (heat and ATP)

A

False

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3
Q

Many crop plants contain 80-95 % water

A

True

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4
Q

Chlorophyll converts chemical energy into light energy

A

False

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5
Q

Carotenoids are one type of plant pigment

A

False

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6
Q

ATP and NADPH are produced in the carbon-fixation steps of photosynthesis

A

False

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7
Q

The light reactions are the only part of photosynthesis that require light

A

True

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8
Q

One of the functions of transpiration is uptake of mineral nutrients

A

True

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9
Q

The Krebs cycle is part of photosynthesis

A

False

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10
Q

Water is absorbed from the soil by root hairs

A

True

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11
Q

The rate of transpiration increases with higher temperatures

A

Treu

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12
Q

Leaf curling can be a sign of moisture stress

A

True

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13
Q

It is important to recognize crop development stages in order to apply sound management practices

A

True

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14
Q

The Growing Degree Day base temperature for soybeans is 32 degrees F

A

False

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15
Q

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplast

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16
Q

Plat pigments absorb visible light in this range?

A

400-700 nm

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17
Q

Plant pigments are least effective in absorbing which color of light?

A

green

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18
Q

The two energy compounds used in carbon-fixation reactions are:

A

ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

Which type of photosynthesis is inefficient about 25 degrees C ?

A

C3

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20
Q

What percentage of the world’s plants are C4?

A

10

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21
Q

Which type of cell controls the opening and closing of stomata?

A

guard

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22
Q

Rhizobia bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into:

A

NH3

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23
Q

The plant response that is most important for triggering flowering in the spring is:

A

vernalization

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24
Q

The process by which plats differentiate from seedling to vegetative to flowering would best be described as:

A

development

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25
Q

The index of heat accumulation (or heat units over time) used to estimate how corp development will progress and when a crop is predicted to mature is:

A

Growing Degree Days

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26
Q

Half of the yield grains in cereal crops is due to genetic improvement

A

True

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27
Q

Strict cross-pollinators do not require an outside source of pollen

A

False

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28
Q

Yield is an example of a quantitative trait

A

True

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29
Q

Flower color is an example of a quantitative trait

A

False

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30
Q

Peas are an example of a cross-pollinating species

A

False

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31
Q

The resulting phenotypic ration of the cross-pollinating species

A

True

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32
Q

A genotype of GG would be Homozygous

A

True

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33
Q

Lodging resistance is an example of a harvestability trait

A

True

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34
Q

Persistence is a tria that would most often be improved in annuals

A

False

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35
Q

Plant breeding strategies do not depend on pollination systems

A

False

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36
Q

High amounts of genetic variation in germplasm are desired at the start of a breeding program.

A

True

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37
Q

The USDA is not currently conducting plant explorations

A

False

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38
Q

Cross-pollinated species tend to be more uniform than self-pollinated species

A

False

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39
Q

Hybridization is generally a better technique than mass selection for cross-pollinated species

A

True

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40
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transmit its DNA to other cells

A

True

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41
Q

In 2007, the majority of cotton, alfalfa, and corn planted was genetically modified

A

False

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42
Q

It is possible to transfer a single gene using traditional breeding methods

A

False

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43
Q

The maximum number of genetic traits that can be transferred to a single cultivar in four

A

False

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44
Q

Most modern crop varieties are patented to protect the intellectual property of those who developed them

A

True

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45
Q

When pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower, it is:

A

self-pollination

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46
Q

DNA is organized into units called

A

genes

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47
Q

Plants that have two copies of each chromosomes are:

A

diploids

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48
Q

The total genetic makeup of a plant is known as its

A

genotype

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49
Q

the term that describes a group of genetically similar plants that can be distinguished from other groups within the same species is:

A

cultivar

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50
Q

Which of the following is NOT an sample of a harvestability trait

A

increased leafiness

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51
Q

The development of a new cultivar averages how many years?

A

5

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52
Q

The advancement of which of the following crops is considered America’s greatest achievement?

A

corn

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53
Q

Which of the following crops have had their genome sequences?

A

rice

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54
Q

How are transgenic plants generated once genes have been transferred into new cells using biotechnology?

A

by tissue culture

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55
Q

What is the most prevalent trait that has been incorporated into transgenic crops?

A

herbicide resistance

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56
Q

Saving seed that is patented and then growing or selling it is called:

A

seed piracy

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57
Q

Day length varies with latitude

A

True

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58
Q

The latitude at the equator is 90 degrees

A

False

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59
Q

There are five named lines of latitude

A

True

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60
Q

It is possible for the sun to be at its zenith at the Arctic Circle

A

False

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61
Q

The two layers of our atmosphere that influence biological activities are the troposphere and mesophere

A

False

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62
Q

Earth’s average air temperature has increased by 1 degrees F in the past 100 years

A

True

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63
Q

A state by the ocean such as New Jersey has more fluctuation in air and soil temperature than a landlocked state such as Minnesota

A

False

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64
Q

The orographic effect causes wet conditions on the leeward side and dry conditions on the windward side

A

False

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65
Q

Less than 0.5 percent of Earth’s water is in the form of groundwater

A

True

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66
Q

Naturally low rainfall is also known as drought

A

False

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67
Q

Chilling injury occurs at a lower temperature than freezing injury

A

False

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68
Q

Fallowing involves land in rotation that is not cropped for a season or more

A

True

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69
Q

Drainage systems can lower the water table of a soil

A

True

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70
Q

Relative maturity (RM) is a system that denotes that averages days to physiological maturity for a particular hybrid

A

True

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71
Q

The Colorado River and its reservoirs are being depleted due to increased agricultural use and population growth in the Southwest

A

True

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72
Q

What percentage of the sun’s energy reaches Earth

A

1%

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73
Q

How much of the portion of the sun’s energy that reaches Earth is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere?

A

50%

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74
Q

Energy is the greatest at which wavelengths?

A

short

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75
Q

Which is NOT a great influence on the amount of quality of light received on Earth?

A

the orbit of the moon

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76
Q

Because of which of the following do we experience seasons?

A

the inclination of Earth

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77
Q

At what angle does the sun’s radiation strike at the equator?

A

90 degrees

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78
Q

When were the concepts of altitude and longitude developed?

A

200 BCE

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79
Q

The layer of the atmosphere closet to Earth is the:

A

troposphere

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80
Q

Which of the following is NOT known as a greenhouse gas?

A

O2

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81
Q

Which type of air mass tends to be hot and dry?

A

continental tropical

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82
Q

The Koppen climate classification system how has many major climate types?

A

5

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83
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major climate type of the Koppen classification systems?

A

Mediterranean

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84
Q

Montana would be part of which general precipitation region?

A

semi-arid

85
Q

Which natural catastrophe cost the United States the most on a yearly basis?

A

drought

86
Q

Which temperature adaptation type would corn be categorized at?

A

tropical

87
Q

Which temperature adaptation type would wheat be categorized as?

A

temperate

88
Q

Which moisture adaption type would rice be categorized as?

A

hydrophyte

89
Q

Which moisture adaption type would soybean be categorized as?

A

mesophyte

90
Q

The living portion of an ecosystem is called the abiotic component

A

False

91
Q

Bioremediation is an example of a service that an ecosystem can provide

A

True

92
Q

The ecological pyramids of most terrestrial systems have a minimum of five levels

A

False

93
Q

Simple ecosystems are less vulnerable to destruction compared to complex ecosystems

A

False

94
Q

Carbon tends to be the limiting elemental nutrient in terrestrial systems

A

False

95
Q

The entire process of ecological succession requires up to 20 years to complete

A

False

96
Q

Non-nitrogen-fixing terrestrial plants take up nitrogen mostly as NH4+

A

False

97
Q

Tillage helps release mineralized nitrogen in the soil

A

True

98
Q

Deserts are never utilized for agricultural purposes

A

False

99
Q

One of the most common agroecosystems in the United States is the corn-soybean rotation

A

True

100
Q

Alfalfa can be a common component of an animal-based agroecosystem

A

True

101
Q

Modern agriculture has resulted in greatly accelerated rates of erosion

A

True

102
Q

Wetlands are no longer being drained in the United States

A

False

103
Q

Which of the following would be considered an abiotic factor of an ecosystem

A

water

104
Q

Which component is the start of every food chain?

A

sun

105
Q

In a food chain, an eagle would be an example of a:

A

secondary consumer

106
Q

In a food chain, a plant would be an example of a:

A

primary producer

107
Q

How much energy is generally transferred to each successive level of an ecological pyramid?

A

10%

108
Q

The chemical formula for atmospheric nitrogen is:

A

N2

109
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the pathways through which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to a usable form for plants?

A

denitrification fixation

110
Q

Which is the first product in industrial fixation?

A

NH3

111
Q

Performed by microbes, the reverse of the immobilization process is called:

A

mineralization

112
Q

The average percentage of nitrogen in the soil is in the range of:

A

1-10%

113
Q

Which of the following biomes once occupied 80% of North and South America

A

forests

114
Q

How much of the world’s area is occupied by cultivated cropland and managed pastures?

A

40%

115
Q

Modern agriculture is also called:

A

All of the above are correct

116
Q

One of the reasons the Dust Bowl occurred was:

A

tillage of an arid region prone to droughts

117
Q

Agricultural operations can cause modifications to the C horizon

A

False

118
Q

SOils in wet tropical regions tend to have high organic matter and distinct profiles

A

False

119
Q

Weathered rock can be a source of essential minerals for plants

A

True

120
Q

Plants with low C:N ratios decay rapidly

A

True

121
Q

Sawdust added to soil can cause nitrogen deficiency

A

True

122
Q

Organic matter has a positive charge

A

False

123
Q

Higher earthworm populations are achieved in conventional tillage in comparison to no-till

A

False

124
Q

Plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi can absorb phosphorus better than noninfected plants

A

True

125
Q

Productive soils are densley packed

A

False

126
Q

A plant will extract water at field capacity until it reaches the permanent wilting point

A

True

127
Q

Sandy soils drain at a faster rate than clay soils

A

True

128
Q

Soils that are fertile and hold nutrients will have a low cation exchange campacity

A

False

129
Q

the pH of a soil is important because it influences the availability of plant nutrients

A

True

130
Q

Most crops grow well in soils with high salinity

A

False

131
Q

Synthetic fertilizers are used to provide organic matter to the soil

A

False

132
Q

Geologic erosion occurs at a faster rate than soil formation

A

False

133
Q

Erosion can leave behind less fertile subsoils

A

True

134
Q

How thick does the soil layer tend to be in agricultural regions?

A

3 to 4 feet

135
Q

A vertical section through the soil extending from the surface to an unweathered rock is best described as the:

A

profile

136
Q

The topsoil is also known as the:

A

A horizon

137
Q

the subsoil is also known as the:

A

B horizon

138
Q

Which horizon has the highest amount of organic matter?

A

O horizon

139
Q

Which of the following is one is the most important soils in agricultural production

A

mollisol

140
Q

Which is the predominant parent material for soils?

A

sedimentary rock

141
Q

The fineness or coarseness of a soils is called:

A

soil texture

142
Q

Sand and silt are chemically composed mostly of:

A

silica

143
Q

Which soil particle contributes most to plant nitrogen

A

clay

144
Q

The clustering of soil particles into various shapes is called:

A

soil structure

145
Q

The pH range that most field crops grow best at is:

A

6-7

146
Q

Which of the following is an index that rates soil for intensive agricultural production on a 0-100- value scale

A

Crop Productivity Index

147
Q

One distinction between organic and inorganic fertilizers contain:

A

Carbon

148
Q

Which of the following fertilizer nutrients is NOT obtained from mining?

A

nitrogen

149
Q

Limestone is applied to soil to:

A

increase soil pH

150
Q

When biodiversity is considered, the concept of richness refers for the distribution or relative abundance of the individuals of a species

A

False

151
Q

Increased biodiversity is generally desirable in an agroecosystem

A

True

152
Q

Continuous cropping is the planned sequence of different crops grown over years on the same land

A

False

153
Q

A 2-year rotation is generally adequate to control pests

A

False

154
Q

By cropping corn continuously, producers can expect 10 percent yield grains over corn in rotation

A

False

155
Q

The nitrogen from legumes can provide enough nutrition for a subsequent corn crop

A

False

156
Q

Corn and soybean are crops that tend to be grown in monocultures

A

True

157
Q

Polyculture systems are easier to manage than monoculture systems

A

False

158
Q

Hay mixtures using species such as alfalfa and grasses are an example of mixed intercropping

A

True

159
Q

Living mulches have only been used to a limited extent due to management challenges

A

True

160
Q

Multiple cropping is often practiced in areas with short growing seasons

A

False

161
Q

Green manures can be used as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers

A

True

162
Q

One way to diversify the landscape is through conservation plantings

A

True

163
Q

Farmers who have CRP plantings receive a one-time payment for enrollment

A

False

164
Q

Studies have not shown a positive environmental impact as a result of the CRP program

A

False

165
Q

A common example of a 2-year rotation in the Midwest is:

A

corn-soybean

166
Q

A common companion crop to alfalfa is:

A

oats

167
Q

Growing two or more crops together in the same place during a growing season are called:

A

polyculture

168
Q

The agroforestry system where trees are grown in rows with an annual or perennial crop between is called:

A

alley cropping

169
Q

The polyculture system where annual grain crops are planted into a suppressed perennial sod is:

A

living mulch

170
Q

An example of a double crop system that would be grown in a state such as Illinois is

A

wheat planted in fall with corn planted in spring

171
Q

The type of multiple cropping system where a crop is planted (but not for harvesting) during or following the cash crop is:

A

cover cropping

172
Q

A common crop grown in rotation with cotton is:

A

peanut

173
Q

Cover crops are killed using which method?

A

All answers are correct

174
Q

Which of the following crops is known to have allelopatic effect?

A

rye

175
Q

What percentage of the Corn Belt is planted with corn and soybean?

A

95%

176
Q

Which is a type of agroforestry system that combines trees with pastures for livestock utilization?

A

silvopasture

177
Q

The incorporation of plant residues into soil increases their rate of decay

A

True

178
Q

Moldboard plowing leaves adequate residue cover to protect the soil

A

False

179
Q

Excessive plowing can lead to the loss of organic matter

A

True

180
Q

Primary tillage smoothes the seedbed for planting

A

False

181
Q

Conventional tilling requires less time and energy than conservation tillage

A

False

182
Q

No-till is commonly used on wet soils in northern regions

A

False

183
Q

A benefit to the ridge till system is earlier planting

A

True

184
Q

Fall plowing can facilitate earlier planting

A

True

185
Q

Good soil-to-seed contact is important for planting success

A

True

186
Q

Oxygen is not a factor in seed germination

A

False

187
Q

Light is a requirement for germination for most crop species

A

False

188
Q

The mechanism of dormancy can result in germination being staggered over years

A

True

189
Q

Seed of some cereal crops undergoes after-ripening before germination

A

True

190
Q

The initation of metabolic processes in the seed occurs after germination

A

True

191
Q

At low seeding rates, plant populations are not utilizing resources optimally

A

True

192
Q

Typical row spacing of corn and soybean have increases since the 1950s

A

False

193
Q

On approximately how much planted land is conventional tillage used in the United States?

A

1/3

194
Q

Which piece of equipment shears off sections of soil and flips them over?

A

moldboard plow

195
Q

How much residue does moldboard plowing typically leave?

A

0-15%

196
Q

Which of the following crops leave the most residue after harvest?

A

corn

197
Q

Most farmers get their seed by:

A

buying from private seed companies

198
Q

Seed planted too deep will:

A

exhaust their energy reserves

199
Q

The general rule for planting depth is to go no deeper than:

A

10 times the seed diameter

200
Q

Which crop is more likely to be negatively affected by crusting of the soil surface?

A

soybean

201
Q

In which soil should seed be planted the deepest?

A

sand

202
Q

Dormant seeds usually have around what percentage of moisture?

A

15%

203
Q

Hard seed is an example of what type of barrier to germination?

A

physical

204
Q

Hard seed must undergo what process before planting?

A

scarification

205
Q

Broadcast seedling is most likely to be used with which of the following crops?

A

alfalfa

206
Q

Which of the following would most likely be used to plant a restored prairie?

A

no-till grassland drill

207
Q

Which of the following would most likely be used to plant corn?

A

row crop planter

208
Q

Which of the following would be planted earliest in the year?

A

small grains

Crop Production 103 (1 decks)

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