Chapter 8

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

An abstract cognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances

Question 2

First Language Acquisition

Answer 2

The process by which children acquire the lexicon and grammatical rules of their native language

Question 3

Lexicon

Answer 3

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions

Question 4

Bilingual mixed language

Answer 4

Language in which different aspects of linguistic structure derive from different languages

Question 5

child directed speech

Answer 5

speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infant

Question 6

Innate

Answer 6

Determined by factors present at birth

Question 7

Imitation theory

Answer 7

Child language acquisition theory that claims that children acquire language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they here

Question 8

Reinforcement theory

Answer 8

Theory of child language acquisition which says that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded or reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the wrong ones

Question 9

universal grammar

Answer 9

The theory that posits a set of grammatical characteristics shared by all natural languages

Question 10

Linguistic universals

Answer 10

Property believed to be held in common by all natural languages

Question 11

Homesign

Answer 11

A rudimentary visual-gestural communication system that is developed and used by deaf children and their families when a signed language is not available for their communication

Question 12

feral child

Answer 12

child who grew up in the wild without care by human adults, often with animals

Question 13

neglected child

Answer 13

A child who is neglected by caretakers often resulting in significantly lower exposure to language as a child

Question 14

pedography

Answer 14

writing system designed for learners as a stepping stone to the standard orthography

Question 15

orthography

Answer 15

writing systems used for most purposes

Question 16

rule

Answer 16

a formal statement of an observed generalization about patterns in language

Question 17

sound symbolism

Answer 17

phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of particular meaning

Question 18

source

Answer 18

In speech synthesis, the mechanism that creates a basic sound

Question 19

onset

Answer 19

In a syllable, any consonant that occurs before the rhyme

Question 20

open lexical category

Answer 20

lexical category into which new members are often introduced

Question 21

oral stop

Answer 21

A stop made with the velum raised so that no air escapes through the nose

Question 22

output

Answer 22

The linguistic form obtained after an application of a rule or a set of rules

Question 23

babble

Answer 23

a phase in a child language acquisition during which the child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels

Question 24

backing

Answer 24

a type of sound in which a front sound becomes a back sound

Question 25

bilabial

Answer 25

sound produced by bringing both lips together

Question 26

bidialectal

Answer 26

Having mastery of two dialects

Question 27

borrowing

Answer 27

process by which one language adopts words, phrases or grammatical structures from another language

Question 28

coda

Answer 28

in a syllable any consonant in a rhyme

Question 29

canned speech

Answer 29

prerecorded phrases and sentences

Question 30

variegated babbling

Answer 30

production of meaningless consonant-vowel sequence by infants

Question 31

one word stage

Answer 31

stage in first language acquisition during which children can produce only one word at a time

Question 32

two word stage

Answer 32

stage in first language acquisition at which children produce two word utterance in addition to two word utterances

Question 33

place of articulation

Answer 33

the place in the vocal tract where the constriction for the production of a speech sound is made

Question 34

second language acquisition

Answer 34

acquisition of L2 as a teenager or adult after the critical period

Question 35

critical period

Answer 35

age span from birth to onset of puberty, during which children must have exposure to language and must build the critical brain structure in order to gain native speaker competence

Question 36

multilingual

Answer 36

The state of commanding 3 or more languages

Question 37

phonology

Answer 37

The study of sound systems in a language

Question 38

syntax

Answer 38

A component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expression out of smaller expressions

Question 39

morphology

Answer 39

The study of how words are constructed out of morphemes

Question 40

bilingual

Answer 40

State of commanding two languages