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AP Huge Political Geography > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define State

A

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by a gov .-has control over internal and foreign affairs

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2
Q

Define Sovereignty

A

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

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3
Q

List the 6 largest states in order of geographic size

A

Russia, Canada, U.S.A., China, Brazil and Australia

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4
Q

How many microstates are recognized? What do many have I common? List 6

A

Two dozen are recognized. Very small land areas.:Monaco, Andorra, Antigua, Barbuda, Dominia-many of them are islands

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5
Q

When was the UN established? By whom?

A

End of WW2 by the Allies

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6
Q

1955 in the UN

A

16 countries joined, mostly European countries that have ben liberated form Nazi, Germany during WW2

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7
Q

1960 in UN

A

17 joined, all but a former African colony of Britain/France,4 African states. Original members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa 6 joined in the 1950s

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8
Q

1990s

A

26 countries joined- primarily due to breakup of SU. Yugoslavia also bc of admission of many microstates

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9
Q

Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?

A

China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the U.S.

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10
Q

Identify some of the problems the UN faces as it attempts to operate and influence world affairs.

A

Often lacks enough troops to keep peace effectively

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11
Q

Korea (North+South) is one state if u agree that…

A

Both gov. wants to reunite the country into one sovereigns state

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12
Q

Korea: Two states if you agree that…

A

South Korea is a democratic nation and North Korea is Communist

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13
Q

China/Taiwan one state if you agree that…

A

Nationalists are still the legit rulers of China. Taiwan is a part of China

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14
Q

China/Taiwan two states if you agree that…

A

Taiwan regarding itself as independent is better- don’t recognize Taiwan is independent

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15
Q

Western Sahara/Sahrawi Republic. One state if you agree that…

A

Morocco owns the territory- built a wall to keep put rebels to prove.

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16
Q

Western Sahara/Sahrawi Republic two states if you agree that…

A

An independent Sahrawi Republic was declared by the Polisario Front rec. by most African countries

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17
Q

Ancient States:

A

Based off the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East

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18
Q

Medieval States:

A

Roman Empire= Political unity, European portion was fragmented into a large number of states`

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19
Q

Define nation-state

A

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity

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20
Q

Define self-determination

A

Ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

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21
Q

What is a multiethnic state?

A

A state that contains more than one ethnicity w/t traditions of self-determination

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22
Q

What is a multinational state? How is the UK an example

A

A country that contains more than one ethnicity w/t traditions of self-determination

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23
Q

Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state?

A

90% of the population = ethnic Dane. Danes= strong sense of unity that comes from shared cultural characteristics+attitudes

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24
Q

Denmark’s Non-Danish Regions

A

Region: Faeroe Islands - A group of 21 islands, ruled by Denmakr for more than 600 years- nearly 50000 people speak Faeroese

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25
Q

Region: Greenland

A

World’s largest island

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26
Q

How did the Communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism?

A

Used centripetal forces to discourage ethnicities from expressing their cultural uniqueness

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27
Q

With the fall of Communist governments, in the 1990s, what kinds of problems have arisen in what places?

A

The SU, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia were dismantled because minority ethnicities opposed the dominance of the most numerous ones in the country

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28
Q

Baltic Region: 3 states

A

Estonia, Latvia,+ Lithuania

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29
Q

Eastern Europe: 3 states

A

Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine

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30
Q

Central Asia: 5 states

A

Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

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31
Q

Caucusus: 3 states

A

Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia

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32
Q

Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States

A

Lithuania: Roman Catholic. Estonia: Protestant (Lutheran)-Uralic. Latvia: Lutheran, Roman Catholic

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33
Q

The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?

A

The 3 groups speak similar East Slavic languages and are all mostly Orthodox Christians

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34
Q

What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence? Who opposed this?

A

Reunification with Romania, Ukrainians+Russians only

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35
Q

Have there been ethnic problems in Central Asia? If so, where? why not?

A

Some, bc they are the same religion+speak the same language -less depressed economy

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36
Q

How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the country of Russia?

A

39

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37
Q

Why are independent movements flourishing among these groups?

A

Russia is less willing to suppress these movements than the Soviet Union once was

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38
Q

Russia has resisted the independence movement in Chechnya for what two reasons?

A
  1. It feared other ethnicities would follow

2. This region contained deposits of petroleum

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39
Q

Azeris (Azerbaijan)

A

1828 treaty allocated northern Azeri to Russia + southern Azeri. Persia- 1923 the Russian+ portion became the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -SU breakup=1991, Azerbaijan=independent country Nakhicheva=most Western part joined Armenia

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40
Q

Armenians (Armenia) work on

A

Armenians were killed by Turks -other forced to migrate to Russia, gained possession of eastern Armenia=1828. 1921- Turkey+SU agreed to divide Armenia

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41
Q

Work on georgians

A

1990s- Abkhazians fought for control of the northwest portion of Georgia- declared Abkhaza independent 2008= Ossetians fought a war w/t Georgians- Ossetians declared South Ossetia portion independent, Russia recognizes Ossetia as independent countries

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42
Q

What’s the main problem with the Caucusus region?

A

Boundaries—-Ethnicities are spread throughout multiple states, they are not limited by borders

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43
Q

Define colony

A

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent

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44
Q

Define colonialism

A

An effort to establish settlements in a territory+to impose its lifestyle upon them

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45
Q

Summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies

A
  1. To promote Christianity 2. To get useful resources, serve as a captive market 2. Power
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46
Q

Which country has the largest empire? Second largest?

A

U.K.- largest France- second largest

47
Q

Colonial practices of U.K.

A

Planted colonies on every continent including much of eastern and southern Africa, south asia, the middle east, Australia, and canada

48
Q

Colonial practices France

A

West Africa and Southeast Asia. Tried to assimilate colonies into French culture and educate an elite group to provide local administration

49
Q

List the largest remaining colonies in the world and who possesses each

A

Puerto Rico- The U.S. Pitcain Islands- The U.K. Greenland- Denmark

50
Q

Define boundary

A

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state territory

51
Q

Define physical boundary

A

Coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

52
Q

Define cultural boundary

A

Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

53
Q

Advantages of Physical boundary- Desert:

A

effectively divides two states, hard to cross, sparsely inhabited, stable boundary. Common in Africa+Asia. North Africa=Sahara

54
Q

Advantages of Mountains

A

Effective if difficult to cross. If passes, pathes are blocked by winter storms=limited to no communication. Permanent boundaries sparsely inhabited

55
Q

Advantages of Water

A

Offer good protection against attack. Invaders have to cross+transport troops by air or ship and secure a landing spot in the country being attacked. Commin=East Africa. Position of water can change overtime

56
Q

—What three types of cultural boundaries have been often used?

A

Geometric: U.S.+Canada have a almost a straight line as a boundary
Ethnic: India becoming two states bc of religion
Green line: Buffer zone+wall in Cyprus

57
Q

Cyprus boundary info

A

Greeks+Turks are in conflict. Turks=18% of the population, Greeks=78%. Gained independence from U.K.=1974. Turkey invaded and the coup leaders (Greeks) left—– Northern part of Cyprus=36% declared itself the independent Turkish Republic North=Turks South=Greeks

58
Q

— Define Compact States

A

Good communication bc the distance to and from the capital is generally equal all around Ex: Belarus, Poland, Ethiopia, Spain

59
Q

Define Elongated States

A

Length is twice the width, very long Ex: Chile, Sweden, The Gambia, Vietnam, Nepal

60
Q

Define Prorupted States

A

Has a little arm sticking off of it, usually access to water Ex: Eritrea, Thailand, Dem.Rep. of the Congo, Burma, Namibia

61
Q

Define Perforated States

A

The states that is surrounding the state within it (onclave)

Ex: South Africa, Italy- best exmaples

62
Q

Define fragmented states

A

Separated by water Ex: Indonesia, Greece, The Philippines, Japan, and Nunavut

63
Q

Define Landlocked state

A

Lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries, isolated by the sea

64
Q

Where are most of the worlds landlocked states? Why?

A

Africa, there are extensive regions, The British built roads to connect the interior of Africa e/t the sea

65
Q

What problems do landlocked states have?

A

Do not have direct access to the sea which makes it hard to trade w/t other countries

66
Q

Define Democracy

A

A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office

67
Q

Define autocracy

A

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

68
Q

What are the three areas democracies and autocracies differ?

A

Selection of leaders, citizen participation, check and balances

69
Q

Why has the world become more democratic?

A

The replacement increasingy “irrelevant” monarchies, universal rights, diffusion of democratic structures

70
Q

Explain the Arab Spring

A

Most democratic shift in gov. began late 2010 and started by social media- major protests

71
Q

Define Unitary state

A

Places most power in the hands of the central gov. officials Ex: France

72
Q

Define Federal state

A

Allocates strong power to units of local gov. within the country Ex: U.S.

73
Q

What are three characteristics that tend to favor it for a country, regarding unitary states

A
  1. Few international cultural difference 2. Strong sense of natural unity 3. Requires effective communication
74
Q

Where are unitary states most common?

A

Smaller states- Europe

75
Q

Why do multinational states often adopt unitary systems?

A

So that the values of one nationality can be imposed on others. Ex: Kenya+Rwanda, the mechanisms of a unitary state have enabled one ethnic group to extend dominance over weaker groups

76
Q

Why is the federal system more effective for larger states?

A

The national capital may be too remote to provide effective control over isolated regions

77
Q

Lost examples of federal states tat fulfill these conditions rather well

A

Russia, Canada, U.S. Brazil, India

78
Q

Why has tiny Belgium adopted a federal system?

A

To accommodate the two main cultural groups

79
Q

Why has enormous China adopted a unitary system?

A

To promote Communist values

80
Q

Frances gov.

A

Strong central gov is stronger than local gov. France ahs a unitary gov.

81
Q

Why are boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is it redrawn

A

To ensure that each district has approximately the same pop. Every 10 years

82
Q

How is redrawing boundaries different in the U.S. versus Europe

A

Europe has an independent commission determining districts and boundaries

83
Q

Define gerrymandering

A

Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power

84
Q

What are three types of gerrymandering?

A

Wasted vote- Spead opposition voters across many districts so their votes don’t impact the outcome
Excess vote- Grouping a large group of people who share the same political party in a district so they have a large number of votes
Stacked vote- redrawing lines very crazily so that it can help one political party

85
Q

How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use?

A

Politicians will use the nargest ethinicity group to ensure their party will win Ex: Hispancis usually being democratic

86
Q

Why is the idea of two superpowers relativily a new one?

A

Before the Cold War there were more than two superpowers

87
Q

Define balance of power

A

A condition of roughly equal strength beween opposition alliances

88
Q

Purpose of NATO

A

To prevent the SU from overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries-prevent WW3

89
Q

Purpose of the former Warsaw Pact countries

A

To spread Communism, provide the SU with a buffer of allied states b/w it and Germany to discourage a German invasion

90
Q

When was the EU formed

A

1958

91
Q

Who was the EU formed by?

A

Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, West Germany

92
Q

Why was the EU created?

A

To heal Western Europe from WW2 and to help them out. economic cooperation

93
Q

Explain the Eurozone crisis

A

Having the common currency throughout Europe- the Euro, one currency = one bank, if the bank goes bankruot everyone is screwed

94
Q

OSCE

A

U.S., Canada, Russia and others. To end conflicts in Europe

95
Q

—OAS

A

All 35 of the Western hemisphere, —-Cuba ahs been suspended in 1962. Purpose: Promote social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states

96
Q

AU

A

53 African countries. Promoting economic integration. Before: stop apartheid

97
Q

The Commonwealth

A

U.K. and 52 other former British colonies, Australia Bangladesh, Canada, India, Nigeria. Purpose: Seek economic+cultural cooperation

98
Q

Define terrorism

A

The use of violence amongst a group of people in order to intimidate a population or coerce gov. into granting its demand

99
Q

Why is terrorism different form other acts of political violence?

A

Attacks are aimed at innocent/ordinary people, no relation to the gov.

100
Q

American terrorists attacks

A

Dec.21- Pan AM flight destroyed,

April 19- Oklahoma City, Murrah Fed building

101
Q

Osama Bin Laden

A

Founder of Al-Qaeda

102
Q

Afghanistan

A

Al-Qaeda was formed here in 1990 to unite opposition fighters

103
Q

Yemen+Somalia

A

Bin-Laden fled to Sudan after being expelled for instigating attacks against the U.S. in Yemen+Somalia

104
Q

“the base”

A

“the foundation”, another name for Al-Qaeda

105
Q

fatwa

A

“religious decree” bin laden believed Muslims could have a “holy” war

106
Q

In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious views, and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to Muslims?

A

It can depict Muslims in a bad light and persuade people to assume that all Muslims are bad and terrorists

107
Q

In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious views and political views, and it methods pose a challenge to Americans?

A

Americans naturally want to suppress these views but can end up hurting us by accident. For example, giving the Taliban weapons to overtake the communist gov, but then they used those weapons against us

108
Q

List three ways in which states (particularly in the Middle East) have given support to terrorists

A
  1. Providing sanctuary for terrorists 2. Supplying $, weapons, and intelligence 3. Planning attacks using terrorists
109
Q

Afghanistan and the type of support

A

The Taliban sheltered bin-laden and other terrorists

110
Q

Pakistan and type of support

A

Suspected to have known bin laden was hiding in his highly protective compounds

111
Q

Iraq and the type of support

A

State-sponsored terrorism-Hussein was creating biological and chemical weapons

112
Q

Iran and the type of support

A

Habored Al-Qaeda and members trying to gain influence in Iraq

113
Q

Libya and the type of support

A

Gov. was accused of sponsoring a 1986 bombing of a night club in Berlin, Germany

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