Chapter 8 Flashcards
Demographers
are people who study population trends and make projections about them
Demography
the field of collecting, compiling, and presenting information about population.
Paleolithic revolution
humans lived in small tribes as hunter-gatherers.
Neolithic Revolution
developed animal husbandry the domestication
of wild species and agriculture
- permanent or long lasting settlements - more reliable food production
- reduced mortality rates
Industrial Revolution
modern world, global commerce, factories, large cities, and pollution
Medical revolution
Black Plague of the 14 century, typhus, and cholera. 1800’s fatal diseases in children and infants.
Breakthrough: Late 1800’s, Louis Pasteur discovered that diseases are caused by infectious agents. (bacteria, viruses, and parasites)
- vaccinations were developed
- treatment of sewage and drinking water
- 1930’s the discovery of penicillin, the first
antibiotic
Green Revolution
Larger population led to increased agricultural efficiency
The Newest revolution
the transitions necessary to move the human systems from its present state to one that is sustainable.
- more efficient technologies, urban and regional planning, policy and industrial changes, and personal decisions
GNI
Gross National Income
Developed countries
high-income nations, highly developed,
industrialized countries
- U.S., Canada, Western Europe, Australia, Japan,
Israel, Russia, etc.
- 15% of the world’s population
- Control 80% of the world’s income
- Average GNI per capita = average of $38,658
Developing countries
2) middle-income countries, moderately developed
countries
- Mexico, China, South and Central America,
Eastern Europe, and many Arab states
- Average GNI per capita = $3,764
3) low-income countries, developing countries
- eastern, western, and central Africa, Haiti, India,
a few former Soviet republics
- Average GNI per capita = $510
More than 98% of the world’s population growth is occurring in the developing countries.
- The developed world is growing at a rate of 0.1%
a year, adding less than 1 million people a year.
- The developing world, in contrast, is growing at a
rate of 1.5% a year, adding over 75 million people a year.
Total fertility rate
the average number of children each woman in a population has over her lifetime.
Replacement level fertility
the fertility rate that will just replace the population of parents
Ecological footprint
an estimate of the amount of land and ocean required to provide the resources you need or absorb the wastes you produce.
Developing nations
High fertility rates
- Intense poverty
- High environmental degradation
