Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The diversity of life is based on the same or different genetic code?

A

Same genetic code

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2
Q

A genetic information molecule must be able to do three things:

A
  1. Be able to contain large amounts of complex information.
  2. Have a mechanism for faithful replication.
  3. Must encode the phenotype
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3
Q

Johann Miescher discovered

A

Nuclein in white blood cells

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4
Q

Phoebus Levene discovered

A

DNA is composed of linked, repeated nucleotides

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5
Q

Albrecht Kossel discovered

A

DNA had 4 nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

Erwin Chargaff showed

A

A=T and G=C

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7
Q

Franklin and Chargoff

A

Did not get a noble prize

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8
Q

Replication (property of the genetic material of cells)

A

The genetic material must be stored and transmitted from generation to generation.

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9
Q

Gene expression (property of the genetic material of the cell)

A

The genetic material must control the phenotype of the organism

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10
Q

Mutation (property of the genetic material of the cell)

A

The genetic material must undergo variations that allow natural selection to work

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11
Q

Fred Griffith

A

Showed that something in a virulent strain of bacteria could transform a non-virulent strain of streptococcus pneumonia into a virulent again.

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12
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod & Maclyn McCarty

A

Showed that DNA is the transforming principle

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13
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that affect bacteria

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14
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Found DNA not protein is the genetic material in bacteriophage

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15
Q

HIV destroys lymphocytes called what

A

Helper T Cells

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16
Q

Pyrimadines

A

T & C

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17
Q

Purines

A

A & G

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18
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick found this based on work by Franklin and Wilkins and Chargaff

A

DNA is a double stranded helix

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19
Q

Primary Structure

A

Nucleotide structure and joining of nucleotides together

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20
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Three dimensional, stable, helical structure

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21
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Complex packing arrangement of DNA around proteins

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22
Q

DNA is a structure of nucleotides which consist of :

A

A phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base (purines and pyrimadines)

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23
Q

Purines

A

double ring structure, forms a covalent bond with 1’ carbon of deoxyribose

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24
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single ring structure, attached by covalent bond to the 1’ carbon of the pentose sugar

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25
Q

Phosphate groups

A

makes DNA acidic and always bonded to the 5’ carbon of the sugar

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26
Q

anything with “tide” on the end has

A

deoxyribose, base, and phosphate

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27
Q

“side” on the end

A

deoxyribose or ribose sugar and base

28
Q

Nucleotides are joined by what

A

Phosphodiester linkages

29
Q

A-T

A

2 H bonds

30
Q

C-G

A

3 H bonds

31
Q

The two strands are held together by what

A

Hydrogen bonds with are weak compared to phosphodiester groups

32
Q

What makes DNA more stable?

A

Stacking interactions

33
Q

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instruction for every protein in the body

34
Q

Three forms of the different secondary structures DNA can make

A

B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA

35
Q

B-DNA

A

most stable form, has plenty of water, forms right handed (alpha helix), diameter is 2nm, two antiparallel polynucleotides

36
Q

A-DNA

A

Dehydrated samples, also right handed, shorter and wider than B-DNA

37
Q

Z-DNA

A

less likely to happen, left handed

38
Q

Negatively supercoiling

A

Underrotated, requires less energy to separate into two strands

39
Q

Bacterial chromosomes are what kind of supercoiling?

A

Negatively

40
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular DNA molecules that carry additional genes

41
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is what shape

A

circluar and not free to rotate

42
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Enzymes that add or remove supercoils from DNA

Occurs only in chromosomes with fixed ends

43
Q

2 states of condensation found in interphase DNA

A

Euchromatin (less condensed, contains actively transcribed genes)
Heterochromatin (highly condensed, transcription, centromeres, telomeres, and other specific places on chromosomes

44
Q

Histones

A

probably organizes DNA

45
Q

Nonhistone proteins

A

probably regulate gene expression

46
Q

How is DNA packaged onto chromosomes

A

DNA is wound around histones and forms a nucleosome, linkers of DNA separate nucleosomes.
This DNA is coiled to form a solenoid or a helix
The helix or solenoid DNA is looped onto a core of non-histone protein
This whole structure forms a supercoil

47
Q

Histones

A

contain several lysine residues at the N terminal ends
Are + charged
Interact with negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA
Holds DNA tightly and transcription is discouraged

48
Q

Acetylation of histones

A

Neutralizes the charge on the lysine’s, then histones loosen their hold on DNA and transcription is enhanced

49
Q

Deacetylation of histones

A

Replace the + charge on the lysine’s, and histones tighten their hold on DNA, and transcription is repressed

50
Q

1 degree coiling of DNA

A

DNA double helix

51
Q

2 degree coiling of DNA

A

Around histone core

52
Q

3 degree coiling of core

A

Core + linker forms solenoid or a helix

53
Q

4 degree coiling of DNA

A

DNA + histone protein + non-histone protein

54
Q

Centromeres

A

constricted region of a condensed chromosome where the DNA does not appear to be replicated

55
Q

kinetochores

A

Attachment points on the centromeres and are protein structures.

56
Q

Telomeres

A

Are natural ends of linear chromosomes

57
Q

Telomeres have 3 essential functions

A

Prevent degradation of chromosome ends by deoxyribonuclease
Prevent fusion of ends of chromosome with other chromosome
Facilitate replication of linear DNA molecules without loss of coding material

58
Q

Tandem repeats of short nucleotide sequences

A

TTAGGG may be repeated hundreds of times

59
Q

Enzyme telomerase

A

Adds nucleotides to the lagging strand

60
Q

Most telomeres end in what?

A

A single stranded G rich region

61
Q

Shelterin

A

Protein complex that binds to the telomere and protects the ends from being repaired as a single stranded DNA break

62
Q

POT

A

Protection Of Telomeres

bind to the G rich single stranded sequence

63
Q

Translation

A

carries information from RNA to protein

64
Q

Transcription

A

Transfers information from DNA to RNA

65
Q

Replication

A

carries genetic information between generation DNA to DNA

66
Q

how does bacterial DNA distinguish from viral DNA

A

Methylation