Chapter 8

Question 1

Almond and Verba say:

Answer 1

civic culture is a blend of

• participant political culture
• subject political
• parochial political culture

Question 2

Participant political culture

Answer 2

Almond and verba, type of civic culture

- citizens very active in politics, and participation is seen as desirable and effective

Question 3

subject political culture

Answer 3

Almond and verba, type of civic culture

- citizens passive, feel limited influence on government

Question 4

Parochial political culture

Answer 4

Almond and verba, type of civic culture

– no sense of citizenship. Repping hood not nation. No desire or ability to politically participate

Question 5

Almond and Verba say, democratic stability needs…

Answer 5

citizens that have blend of activity and passivity, and government that has blend of obligation and performance

Question 6

UK and US in A&V model

Answer 6

• UK – came closest to civil culture, believe they can influence government and obey authority
• US – high, but participant behaviours outweigh subject ones, not law abiding

Question 7

criticism of Almond and Verba

Answer 7

• Treats passivity as healthy, when political participation upholds democracy
• Assume political culture shapes behaviour and not the other way around
• Treats political culture as homogenous (doesn’t think of intersectionality)

Question 8

Marxist political culture says…

Answer 8

o	The ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas
o	Material force = intellectual force

Question 9

Marx 2 theories of culture

Answer 9

Culture is class-specific
•	members of class share experiences, therefore they share ideas
•	2. Ideas of ruling class becoming ruling ideas
•	political and civic culture are bourgeois ideology
•	culture and values = form of power

Question 10

Marx says the function of ideology is to…

Answer 10

oppress poor by creating myths and falsehoods, and false consciousness

Question 11

Bourgeois hegemony

Answer 11

Marx idea, ruling of lower class through ideology instead of coercion

Question 12

Herbert Marcuse on repressive tolerance

Answer 12

• Believing freedom of speech and stuff, but its actually the same bourgeois agenda

Question 13

Gramsci says..

Answer 13

• Class system is upheld by bourgeois hegemony
• Spiritual and cultural supremacy of the ruling class
• Battle of ideas
• Must take place for socialism
• Proletarian ideas combat bourgeois’ values

Question 14

Subjective vs. Objective interests

Answer 14

• Subjective interests – what people think they want

* Real interests – what people would want if they were actually informed

Question 15

Putnam says…

Answer 15

social capital is declining

Question 16

Putnam explains social capital as a mix of

Answer 16

networks of civic engagement
norms of reciprocity
social trust

Question 17

Putnam networks of civic engagement is

Answer 17

• People joining groups, organized activity

* Society where people are actively engaged with each other

Question 18

Putnam says norms of reciprocity is

Answer 18

• Not just loving everyone, but being rewarding trusting behaviour, and being paid trusting behaviour
• Cooperation

Question 19

Putnam Social capital globally

Answer 19

collapsed across America, but split Italy into two
• North Italy had high levels of social capital, and sustained itself for many generations
• South Italy had exactly opposite indicators, no social capital
 Failure of cooperation
• US in 1950s was high social capital society, but since then it has declined

Question 20

Pluralist model of media

Answer 20

o media is place where debate is possible
o essentially neutral
o reflects society
o media is positive, creates informed citizens and
o enhances quality of democracy, makes government do better
o watchdog
o strengthened political competition by giving protest groups information and outlet
o criticism
• weak and unorganized groups are excluded

Question 21

Dominant ideology model

Answer 21

o Mass media is politically conservative force for the social elites
o Promotes passivity amongst audiences
o Bourgeois ideas
o Acting in the interests of major corporations and media moguls
o Promotes globalization and western consumerism
o Criticism:
• Doesn’t acknowledge radical progressive press

Question 22

• Elite-values model

Answer 22

o Focuses on who filters the media
o Political bias
o Media reflects values of people in charge
o Model versions:
• 1. Liberals say conservative views are because people in charge are rich
• 2. Conservatives say that media reflects the views of university educated Yankee liberals
• 3. Feminists say women are treated shitty because men are in charge

Question 23

market model

Answer 23

o media doesn’t shape, it reflects
o media is profit driven, and give people what they want
o infotainment

Question 24

media and democracy

Answer 24

o	Free press – uncensored press
o	Media promotes democracy
•	Fosters debate
•	Watchdog
power without responsibility

Question 25

the media and government

Answer 25

affects in three ways , political leadership, political culture and policy making process

Question 26

Media has affected political leadership

Answer 26

• treating politicians like celebrities instead of ideology
• image over issues
• personality over policies
• presidentialization – growing emphasis on personal leadership (horse race, beauty pageant)

Question 27

o 2. Media has affected political culture

Answer 27

• growing cynicism

* lack of trust of government

Question 28

Media has affected policy making process

Answer 28

• 24/7 news = 24/7 government
• react too quickly for good judgment
• react quickly so not criticized for inactivity

Question 29

New media and epolitics

Answer 29

changes politics through elections, citizen information, and political movements
•	1. elections have changed
•	Obama online hype
•	electronic voting
•	2. citizens more informed
•	government info available online
•	3. Political movements have changed
•	more effective
•	less hierarchy

Question 30

media and globalization

Answer 30

o media strengthens globalization
o European communist regimes derailed by western media, resulting in revolution
o Cultural globalization – information goes to different parts of the world and stops cultural differences

Question 31

spin

Answer 31

o Spin – presentation of info so people react in the desired way… “I killed your mom smiley face”
o Expansion of media outlets has created greater pressure for newsworthy stories