Chapter 8

Question 1

employee behavior

Answer 1

pattern of actions by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences the organization’s effectiveness

Question 2

performance behaviors

Answer 2

total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects employees to display

Question 3

organizational citizenship

Answer 3

positive behaviors that do not directly contribute to the bottom line

Question 4

counterproductive behaviors

Answer 4

behaviors that detract from organizational performance

Question 5

absenteeism

Answer 5

an employee’s not showing up for work

Question 6

turnover

Answer 6

annual percentage of an organization’s workforce that leaves and must be replaced

Question 7

individual differences

Answer 7

personal attributes that vary from one person to another

Question 8

personality

Answer 8

relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another

Question 9

“big five” personality traits

Answer 9

five fundamental personality traits especially relevant to organizations

Question 10

emotional intelligence (emotional quotient, EQ)

Answer 10

extent to which people are self-aware, can manage their emotions, can motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and possess social skills

Question 11

attitudes

Answer 11

person’s beliefs and feelings about specific ideas, situations, or people

Question 12

job satisfaction

Answer 12

degree of enjoyment that people derive from performing their jobs

Question 13

organizational commitment

Answer 13

individuals’ identification with the organization and its mission

Question 14

psychological contract

Answer 14

set of expectations held by an employ7ee concerning what he or she will contribute o an organization (referred to as contributions) and what the organization will in return provide the employee (referred to as inducements)

Question 15

person-job fit

Answer 15

extent to which a person’s contributions and the organization’s inducements match one another

Question 16

motivation

Answer 16

set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways

Question 17

classical theory of motivation

Answer 17

theory holding that workers are motivated solely by money

Question 18

Hawthorne effect

Answer 18

tendency for productivity to increase when workers believe they are receiving special attention from management

Question 19

theory X

Answer 19

theory of motivation holding that people are nationally lazy and uncooperative

Question 20

theory Y

Answer 20

theory of motivation holding that people are naturally energetic, growth-oriented, self-motivated, and interested in being productive

Question 21

hierarchy of human needs model

Answer 21

theory of motivation describing five levels of human needs and arguing that basic needs must be fulfilled before people work to satisfy higher-level needs

Question 22

two-factor theory

Answer 22

theory of motivation holding that job satisfaction depends on two factors, hygiene and motivation

Question 23

expectancy theory

Answer 23

theory of motivation holding that people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining

Question 24

equity theory

Answer 24

theory of motivation holding that people evaluate their treatment by the organization relative to their treatment of others

Question 25

positive reinforcement

Answer 25

reward that follows desired behaviors

Question 26

punishment

Answer 26

unpleasant consequences of an undesirable behavior

Question 27

management by objectives (MBO)

Answer 27

set of procedures involving both managers and subordinates in setting goals and evaluating progresses

Question 28

participative management and empowerment

Answer 28

method of increasing job satisfaction by giving employees a voice in the management of their jobs and the company

Question 29

job enrichment

Answer 29

method of increasing job satisfaction by adding one or more motivating factors to job activities

Question 30

job redesign

Answer 30

method of increasing job satisfaction by designing a more satisfactory fit between workers and their jobs

Question 31

work sharing (job sharing)

Answer 31

method of increasing job satisfaction by allowing two or more people to share a single full-time job

Question 32

flextime programs

Answer 32

method of increasing job satisfaction by allowing workers to adjust work schedules on a daily or weekly basis

Question 33

telecommuting

Answer 33

form of flextime that allows people to perform some or all of a job away from standard office settings