Chapter 8 Flashcards
Genetic Engineering
Isolate plasmid
Isolate DNA containing gene of ineters
Cleave the gene
Insert it into the plasmid
Insert the plasmid into bacteria
Culture bacteria
Harvest copies of genes or proteins produced
rDNA
recombinant DNA;
DNA that has been artificially modified;
key tool in biological and medical research
Recombinant DNA technology
insert or delete gene
Restriction Enzyme
cuts the DNA at recognition sites;
near gene of interest;
the result two strands with sticky ends;
cuts the plasmid as well
Recipient DNA
plasmid must be cut to receive gene
DNA ligase
attaches complementary DNA strands to each other
Recombinant DNA
the single strands come together by base-pairing, forming a linear or a circular molecule
The use of PCR to replicate a gene
Denaturation (heat up DNA to 94 C): molecule unwinds
Priming: cool down to 65 C; primers attach;
Extension (warm up to 72 C): DNA Polymerase replicates the DNA
Thermocycle
cylces through temperatures during PCR
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
After 30 rounds of PCR
DNA has been replicated over a billion times
Primers
single-stranded RNA or DNA sequences that act as starting points
Artificial Methods of inserting DNA into cells
Gene gun
Microinjection
Reverse-Transcription (RT-PCR)
reverse transcriptase makes DNA from viral RNA or mRNA
Norovirus
leading cause of vomitting and diarrhea;
leading foodborne illness
Microbial metabolism
how an organism obtaines nutrients and energy to live and reproduce
Catabolic Pathways
exergonic reactions;
release energy
Anabolic Pathways
endorgonic reactions;
need more energy than they release
Anabolism
creation of precursors
activation
assembly
Catabolism
the resulting smaller substances are either oxidized or are used in anabolic pathways
Redoc Reaction
involves electron tranfer between molecules
Oxidation
loses electrons;
often combine with oxygen
Reduction
gain of electrons;
usually removes from oxygen or added to hydrogen
Cellular Respiration
glucose is oxidized;
energy is produced;
oxygen is reduced
Photosynthesis
water is oxidized; carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose
Batteries and corrosion
electrons power devices or cause rusting
Rusting of iron
iron with O2 (w/ moisture); iron loses electrons and is oxidized (rust)
Three important electron carriers
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+);
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphae (NADP);
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
adenine, ribose; three phosphates
Anselme Payen
French chemist that discovered diastase (alpha amylase); the enzyme used to break down carbs into sugars
Holoenzymes
conjugated enzymes;
active form;
apoenzyme (inactive form) and non-protein substances called co-factors
Allosteric Inhibition
noncompetitive inhibitors attach to change the active site and halting enzymatic activity
Excitatory Allosteric Inhibition
an inhibitary molecule activates an enzyme nearby
Activators
some enzymes are activated when a cofactor binds to an enzyme (not an active site)
Glycolysis
Glucose -> 2 pyruvate molecules; 2 ATP; 2 NADH;
in cytoplasm;
substrate-level phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle;
acetyl coA with oxalocetate forms citrate;
produces 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP per cycle;
CO2 released as waste product: 2 molecules;
occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells
Electron Transfer Chain
NADH and FADH transfer electrons to protein carries;
allows for transfer of hydrogen protons;
creates a proton gradient;
ATP production; ATP synthase produces ATP through Hydrogen;
28-34 ATP produced;
oxygen works as an electron acceptor;
H2O as a byproduct
