Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction?
A reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from two parents.
What is asexual reproduction?
A reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from a single parent.
What is vegetative reproduction?
A form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent.
What are clones?
Individuals that descend asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype.
What is parthenogenesis?
A form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization.
What is the cost of meiosis?
The 50% reduction in the number of a parent’s genes passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis?
The hypothesis that sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites.
What are simultaneous hermaphrodites?
Individuals that possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time.
What are sequential hermaphrodites?
Individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to possess the other function.
What are perfect flowers?
Flowers that contain both male and female parts.
What does monoecious mean?
Plants that have separate male and female flowers on the same individual.
What does dioecious mean?
Plants that contain either only male flowers or only female flowers on a single individual.
What is genetic sex determination?
In mammals, birds, and many other organisms, sex is determined by inheritance of sex-specific chromosomes.
What is environmental sex determination?
A process in which sex is determined largely by the environment.
What is local mate competition?
When competition for mates occurs in a very limited area and only a few males are required to fertilize all the females.
What is a mating system?
The number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates.
Define promiscuity.
A mating system in which males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not create a lasting social bond.
What is polygamy?
A mating system in which a single individual of one sex forms long-term social bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex.
What is polygyny?
A mating system in which a male mates with more than one female.
What is polyandry?
A mating system in which a female mates with more than one male.
What is monogamy?
A mating system in which a social bond between one male and one female persists through the period that is required for them to rear their offspring.
What are extra-pair copulations?
When an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals.
What is mate guarding?
A behavior in which one partner prevents the other partner from participating in extra-pair copulations.
What is sexual selection?
Natural selection for sex-specific traits related to reproduction.
What is sexual dimorphism?
The difference in the phenotype between males and females of the same species.
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Traits related to fertilization.
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Traits related to differences between the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship.
What is the good genes hypothesis?
The hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype.
What is the good health hypothesis?
The hypothesis that an individual chooses the healthiest mates.
