Chapter 8

Question 1

Define fungi

Answer 1

Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are sessile and heterotrophic

Question 2

What is the structure of fungi?

Answer 2

Fungi are composed of hyphae, septa, mycelium, and fruiting bodies

Question 3

Asexual reproduction

Answer 3

1. Spores are first released from a fruiting body
2. Spore germinates and divides by mitosis and develops into a new mycelium
3. Sporangia will grow from the hyphae and release spores

Question 4

Sexual reproduction

Answer 4

1. Spores are released and germinate as in the asexual track
2. Plasmogamy: two different fungal organisms fuse together to create a new cell
3. Heterokaryotic cells produce cells by mitosis
4. Karyogamy: nuclei in some hetrokaryotic cells merge to form a diploid cell
5. Diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid genetically diverse/unique spores

Question 5

Describe the history of how fungi came to be classified

Answer 5

Gianbattista della Porta (1588): view fungal spores
Pier Antonio Micheli (1729): fungal spores are the same species as their source
Christian Hendrick (1753): developed classification system

Question 6

Current classification scheme of fungi

Answer 6

fungal kingdom divided into five phyla (divided by method of producing spores)

Question 7

Five fungal phyla

Answer 7

1. Chytridiomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Glomeromycota
4. Ascomycota
   5.Basidiomycota

Question 8

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids from Greek “little pot”)

Answer 8

Spores have flagella and form symbiotic relationships that aid with digestion

Question 9

Zygomycota (like zygote or zygo: yolk/joining)

Answer 9

Produce zygospores with sexual reproduction (plasomogamy occurs)

Question 10

Glomeromycota

Answer 10

Hyphae grow in and around plant root cells and are mutualistic (help provide nutrients)

Question 11

Ascomycota

Answer 11

Ascus: sac like structure at the end of hyphae that produces spores
Ex. Penicillin, yeast, truffles

Question 12

Basidiomycota (basidium: “little pedestal”)

Answer 12

Have large, club like fruiting bodies
Ex. Cremini, white button, and portobello mushrooms

Question 13

Describe the structure of lichen

Answer 13

Symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae or Cyanobacteria
1. Algae photosynthesize to provide nutrients (light green)
2. Fungus provides structure, protein, and water (dark green)

Question 14

Important roles that fungi play in creation

Answer 14

Decomposers: grow on dead or decaying organisms, breaking down organic matter
Cultivation: edible mushrooms, penicillin, yeast, bleu cheese
Mutualistic relationships: beneficial to themselves and others

Question 15

Fungal diseases in plants

Answer 15

Leaf curl: blistering and curling in tree leaves (Taphrina deformans) from the phyla Ascomycota
Corn smut: mushroom like growths (ustilago maydis) from phyla of Basidiomycota

Question 16

Fugal diseases in animals 8

Answer 16

Ringworm (Tinea) from the phylum of Ascomycota