Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘biometrics’ refer to?

A

Identification of individuals based on unique physical or behavioral characteristics.

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2
Q

What are the two groups of forensic biometrics?

A

Physiological: Fingerprints, iris patterns, DNA.
Behavioral: Voice patterns, gait.

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3
Q

Have two people ever been found with identical fingerprints?

A

No, even identical twins have unique fingerprints.

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4
Q

How many ridge characteristics are in an average fingerprint?

A

Approximately 150.

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5
Q

What are the most commonly encountered ridge characteristics?

A

Ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, enclosures.

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6
Q

How many ridge characteristics are necessary to identify a fingerprint?

A

between 8-12

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7
Q

When are fingerprints formed?

A

During fetal development, by the 10th week of gestation.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of friction skin ridges?

A

To provide grip and prevent slipping by increasing friction.

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9
Q

Where are the sweat gland pores located?

A

On the ridges of the friction skin.

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10
Q

Define minutiae.

A

the distinctive ridge characteristics of a fingerprint that are used to identify and compare fingerprints

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11
Q

Define ridge characteristics.

A

Features within a fingerprint

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12
Q

Define bifurcations.

A

Points where a single ridge splits into two ridges.

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13
Q

Define ridge endings.

A

Points where a ridge ends abruptly.

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14
Q

What are the three types of fingerprint impressions?

A

Latent Prints: Invisible, caused by sweat/oils.
Plastic Prints: Impressed into soft materials like wax.
Visible Prints: Made by transferring a colored substance.

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15
Q

What are the three main ridge patterns and their frequencies?

A

Loop: 65-70%.
Whorl: 25-30%.
Arch: 5%.

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16
Q

What is AFIS?

A

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

17
Q

What does sublimation mean?

A

The process where a solid changes directly to a gas without becoming a liquid.

18
Q

In which order should chemical treatments be performed to visualize latent prints?

A

Iodine fuming
Ninhydrin
Super glue fuming
Physical developer

19
Q

When is physical developer most useful?

A

For porous surfaces, especially after other treatments.

20
Q

When is ninhydrin most useful?

A

On porous surfaces like paper; reacts with amino acids.

21
Q

When is super glue fuming most useful?

A

On non-porous surfaces like glass or metal.

22
Q

When is iodine fuming most useful?

A

On porous or semi-porous surfaces like paper; temporary results.

23
Q

What are the steps in the ACE-V process?

A

Analysis
Comparison
Evaluation
Verification