Chapter 8 Flashcards
Islam means…
submission to God
Followers of Islam are called Muslims, which means…
one who submits
1st of the 5 Pillars of Islam is…
testimony of faith (the shahada)
2nd of the 5 Pillars of Islam is…
salat (daily prayers)
3rd of the 5 Pillars of Islam is…
giving zakat (support of the needy)
4th of the 5 Pillars of Islam is…
the fast of ramadan
5th of the 5 Pillars of Islam is…
hajj or pilgrimage to mecca
Muslims view Muhammad as the…
prophet
The holy scripture of Islam is…
the Qur’an
Jihad means…
striving in the way of God
Muhammad united the tribes as one large tribe through…
persuasion, negotiation, and force
External Factors…
The Byzantine and Sassanid empires were exhausted from just having fought a bitter war against each other
Spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad…
Caliph
The Division of Islam…
Sunni, Shiite
The loss of the Balkans effectively cut the Byzantines off ___ and ___ from the former Western Empire…
culturally, economically
The Byzantines were able to repel the Muslim invasion…introduction of a powerful new weapon called…
“Greek Fire”
Western Europe resulting from the collapse of Rome institutions and the increasing association between politics and religion…
Kings sought to bolster their authority through religious means
The Pope who had conflicts with the Byzantine emperors over…
increasing taxes, priestly marriage, and the worship of icons
___ will rank amongst the most powerful men in Merovingian society…
Catholic Bishops
Charles Martel is called…
Charles the Hammer
Between 721-725 Martel defeated and incorporated Neustria and Burgundy…
critical source of manpower and resources (wealth)
During the early Middle Ages, troops were only available…
after the crops had been planted and before harvesting time
Martel paid for his new army…
by confiscating church properties and lands
Christians simply call all Muslims ___, meaning Barbarians…
saracen
___ was the strength of Abdul-Rahman Al Ghafiqi’s army
Cavalry
The strength of the Frank army was its…
Infantry foot soldiers
Part of Charles Martel’s military Brilliance…
was his ability to pick the time and place of his battles
The Turning Point…
Abdul-Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed
Martel became the master of Western Europe and the…
“Defender of the Faith”
Charles Martel’s grandson ___ was the greatest king of the Middle Ages…
Charlemagne
Significance of Battle of Tours…
The decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe
Byzantine Emperors broke the empire into military districts called themes, each theme was led by a general called a…
stratego
