Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

community health > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

adolescents, young adults, and adults

1
Q

adolescents age range?

A

10-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

young adults age range?

A

20-24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adults age range?

A

25-64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what age range is considered the most productive?

A

15-64 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do lifestyle and health behavior affect later years?

A

they shape health for later years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what challenges are faced during adolescence?

A
  • transition from childhood to adulthood
  • psychological changes
  • hormonal changes
  • physical maturation
  • opportunities to engage in risky behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what changes do young adults experience?

A

complete physical growth and life changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a consequence of increased freedom for young adults?

A

access to health-compromising situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what fraction of the U.S. population was adolescents and young adults in 2010?

A

over 1/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what living arrangement statistic was reported in 2010?

A

25% (1/4) of all children lived in single-parent families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in the future, what will happen to the proportion of adolescents and young adults?

A

it will decrease, but the number of adolescents will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why are these cohorts (adolescents, young adults, and adults) so important to community health?

A

viewing these age group profiles enables public health workers to detect the causes of disease, injury, and death for specific priority populations and to propose interventions to reduce those causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

examples of events that occur during the most productive years of one’s life?

A
  • completion of formal education
  • marriage
  • starting a family
  • earn their greatest amount of wealth
  • find and develop their career
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why are adolescents and young adults considered important by society?

A

they are the future of the nation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what kinds of changes do YA face?

A
  • physical
  • emotional
  • educational
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is the period of adolescence and young adulthood a critical one, in terms of health?

A
  • many health-related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and challenged
  • access to health-compromising substances and experiences
  • opportunities for health-enhancing experiences
  • lifestyles are established
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of health-compromising substances and experiences

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • drugs
  • sexual risk-taking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of health-enhancing experiences

A
  • regularly scheduled exercise
  • healthful diets
  • opportunities to engage in behaviors and experiences that benefit their communities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the life course approach?

A

the concept that health status and environmental exposures in the early part of one’s life will impact their adult health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is the life course approach important?

A

it helps explain how every stage of a person’s life impacts the individual’s long-term health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 4 variables that are most important to community health for adolescents and YA?

A
  • number of young people
  • their living arrangements
  • their employment status
  • their access to health care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are children living in single-parent families more likely to experience?

A
  • economic disadvantages
  • negative impacts on emotional, cognitive, and social well-being
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what gender has a higher mortality rate?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what contributes to the reductions in youth labor-force participation?

A
  • increased school attendance
  • enrollment in high school, college, and summer school
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what percentage of the overall labor force is composed of the youth labor force?

A

13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why is employment status important to community and public health?

A

most health insurance (access to health care) is connected to employment status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what have studies shown about YA and their access to health care and use of the ER?

A

they have less access to health care and tend to use emergency rooms for care more than adolescents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what 4 major areas stand out when looking at the health profile of adolescents and YA?

A
  • mortality
  • morbidity from specific infectious diseases
  • health behavior and lifestyle
  • protective factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what was occurred with the death rate for adolescents and YA?

A

it was declined significantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what can the decline in death rates for adolescents and YA be attributed to?

A
  • advances in medicine
  • injury and disease prevention
  • behavior changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

leading causes of death for young people overall?

A
  1. unintentional injuries (41%)
  2. homicide (17%)
  3. suicide (15%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a major contributing factor for deaths caused by motor vehicle-related injuries?

A

alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a significant racial disparity in homicide rates?

A

black males have 4x higher rates than hispanics and 10x higher rates than other populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why have certain communicable diseases been significantly reduced or eradicated?

A
  • medical advances
  • knowledge regarding immunizations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what percentage of new STIs are acquired by adolescents and YA?

A

50% (1/2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the most common STIs among adolescents?

A

HIV, HPV, chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System monitor?

A

health behaviors of high school students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

smokeless tobacco (or spit tobacco)

A

includes oral snuff, loose leaf chewing tobacco, plug chewing tobacco, and nasal snuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

intensity

A

cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

the ratio of weight (in kg) to height (in meters, squared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

high levels of cholesterol in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

protective factors

A

individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stressful life events, increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards, and promote social and emotional competence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

examples of protective factors

A
  • strong family bonds
  • parental engagement in child’s life
  • academic success
  • conventional norms about drugs + alcohol
  • clear parental expectations and consequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

risk factors

A

individual, familial, or environmental influences that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes for children and an increased risk of engagement in harmful or risky behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

examples of risk factors

A
  • chaotic home environment
  • ineffective parenting
  • academic failure
  • poor social coping skills
  • affiliations with deviant peers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the youth risk behavioral surveillance system?

A

set of state, territorial, tribal, and district surveys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

when is the YRBSS conducted?

A

odd-numbered years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how is the YRBSS helpful?

A
  • it is helpful at the state and local levels
  • leads to implementation of programs and policies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

behaviors that lead to unintentional injuries

A
  • seat belt use
  • bicycle helmet use
  • motorcycle helmet use
  • riding with a drunk driver
  • driving after drinking alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is a new [behavioral] challenge in terms of unintentional injuries?

A

texting while driving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

behaviors that contribute to violence-related injuries

A
  • carrying a weapon
  • physical fighting
  • dating violence
  • having been forced to have sexual intercourse
  • bullying
  • suicide ideation and attempts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

who is more likely to be a victim of sexual assault?

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

who is more likely to carry weapons and get into fights?

A

men

54
Q

which race is more likely to smoke?

A

white

55
Q

when is nicotine dependency usually developed by?

A

by the age of 18

56
Q

examples of tobacco use:

A

smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, hookahs, vaping

57
Q

purpose of 1998 lawsuit against tobacco use

A

reduce smoking, especially among young people

58
Q

what was the name of the lawsuit against tobacco use in 1998?

A

1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)

59
Q

what is now under the jurisdiction of the FDA?

A

nicotine

60
Q

what was passed in 2009 in relation to tobacco use?

A

Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act

61
Q

what is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes?

A

alcohol

62
Q

what percentage of high schoolers use alcohol?

A

33%

63
Q

what percentage of high schoolers binge drink?

A

18%

64
Q

what percentage of high schoolers have tried marijuana?

A

40%

65
Q

what other drugs have been used by high schoolers?

A
  • inhalants
  • prescription drugs (abuse of them)
  • cocaine
66
Q

what percentage of high schoolers have engaged in sexual intercourse?

A

42% (>1/3)

67
Q

what do sexual behavior statistics imply the need for?

A

comprehensive sex education prior to high school

68
Q

health risks associated with teen pregnancies

A
  • educational
  • economic
  • psychosocial
69
Q

what percentage of high school students are not physically active?

A

50%

70
Q

what percentage of high schoolers are obese

A

30%

71
Q

what percentage of high schoolers are trying to lose weight?

A

50% (1/2)

72
Q

what are growing concerns among high schoolers?

A
  • physical activity and sedentary behavior
  • overweight and weight control
  • teenage pregnancies
  • STIs
  • unintended pregnancies
  • alcohol and drug use
  • tobacco use
  • violence
  • unintentional injuries
72
Q

what is a contributing factor to unintentional injuries for college students?

A

alcohol

73
Q

what are 2 available data sources regarding health behaviors of college students?

A
  • National College Health Assessment II (NCHA-II)
    -Monitoring the Future
74
Q

what is a particularly prevalent violence issue on college campuses?

A

sexual assault

75
Q

behaviors that contribute to violence on college campuses

A
  • weapons
  • fighting
  • suicide ideation/attempts
76
Q

what does research indicate about tobacco use among college students?

A

more educated = less likely to use tobacco

77
Q

what does research indicate about alcohol use among college students?

A

more educated = more likely to drink

78
Q

what is excessive alcohol intake associated with?

A
  • fatal and nonfatal injuries
  • alcohol poisoning
  • STIS and unintended pregnancies
  • various forms of violence
79
Q

what STIs are most common among persons under 25 years of age?

A
  • gonorrhea
  • chlamydia
80
Q

what 4 major factors is community health affected by?

A
  • physical factors
  • community organizing
  • individual behavior
  • social and cultural factors
81
Q

what 2 of the 4 factors need special attention when dealing with the health problems of the youth population?

A
  • social and cultural factors
  • community organizing
82
Q

optimal cholesterol

A

< 200 mg/dL

83
Q

optimal LDL (bad cholesterol)

A

< 100 mg/dL

84
Q

optimal HDL (good cholesterol)

A

> 60 mg/dL

85
Q

optimal triglycerides

A

< 150 mg/dL

86
Q

what contributes to high triglycerides?

A

sugar, alcohol, excessive calorie intake

87
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher

88
Q

when is hypertension considered severe?

A

when the blood pressure is over 120/80 mmHg

89
Q

what condition is known as the “silent killer”

A

hypertension

90
Q

how can hypertension be prevented?

A
  • low sodium diet
  • exercise
91
Q

what is atherosclerosis often called?

A

coronary artery disease

92
Q

artherosclerosis

A
  • thickening + hardening of arteries
  • plaque buildup and deposit on the arteries
93
Q

what is the single greatest killer?

A

coronary heart disease (heart attack)

94
Q

coronary heart disease (heart attack)

A
  • area of the heart suffers permanent damage, normal blood supply is blocked
  • lifesaving support is critical
95
Q

define cancer

A

a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

96
Q

benign tumors

A

can obstruct organs but are non-cancerous

97
Q

malignant tumors

A

produce mutant cells and spread to organs; are cancerous

98
Q

in what age group is cancer the leading cause of death?

A

44-64

99
Q

2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.

A

cancer

100
Q

what should saturated fat be limited to?

A

less than 10% of diet/total daily calorie intake

101
Q

give examples of foods high in saturated fat

A
  • palm oil
  • coconut oil
  • butter
  • cheese
  • bacon
  • pork
  • yogurt
102
Q

what causes cancer?

A
  • lifestyle
  • genetics
  • occupational + environmental risks
  • reproductive + hormonal factors
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • chemicals in foods
  • infectious disease
103
Q

leading causes of cancer deaths in men

A
  1. lung
  2. prostate
  3. colon-rectal
104
Q

leading causes of cancer deaths in women

A
  1. lung
  2. breast
  3. colon-rectal
105
Q

how can breast cancer be prevented?

A
  • reducing alcohol
  • having a diet low in fats
106
Q

lung cancer

A
  • leading cause of cancer deaths
  • smoking is responsible for 90% of cases
107
Q

how can breast cancer be found?

A

self-exams and mammograms

108
Q

where is breast cancer more common?

A

developed nations

109
Q

what are most symptoms of prostate cancer associated with?

A

issues with urination

110
Q

how do chances of having prostate cancer increase?

A
  • aging
  • if a father or brother has it
111
Q

how can prostate cancer be prevented?

A

having a diet high in fruits and vegetables (especially lycopene)

112
Q

symptoms of colon cancer

A
  • rectal bleeding
  • blood in the stool
  • changes in bowel habits
113
Q

how can colon cancer be found/diagnosed?

A

colonoscopy

114
Q

risk factors for colon cancer

A
  • over 50 years old
  • obesity
  • family history
115
Q

how can colon cancer be prevented?

A
  • exercise
  • diet high in fruits + vegetables
  • eating more fiber
  • avoiding red meat
116
Q

arrhythmias

A
  • irregularities in heart rhythm
  • not all are life threatening
117
Q

how can arrhythmias be triggered?

A

excessive caffeine and nicotine intake

118
Q

tachycardia

A

when the heart beats faster than normal (>100 bpm)

119
Q

bradycardia

A

when the heart beats abnormally slower (<60 bpm)

120
Q

stroke (or CV accident)

A

when blood supply to the brain is interrupted

121
Q

symptoms of strokes

A
  • drooping face on one side
  • weakness or paralysis of one arm (monoparesis or monoplegia)
  • slurred speech
122
Q

aneurysm

A
  • a bulge that hemorrhages
  • can cause a stroke
123
Q

alcohol prevention efforts

A
  • comprehensive health education
  • should include components outside the classroom
  • increase in protective factors
  • prevention programs
124
Q

what portion of the U.S. population do adults represent?

A

1/2

125
Q

what years were baby boomers born in?

A

1946-1964

126
Q

mortality of adults

A
  • mainly from chronic diseases
  • results from unhealthy behaviors + poor lifestyle choices
127
Q

what has led to a decline in the death rate for adults?

A

lifestyle improvements and public health advances

128
Q

define ideal cardiovascular health

A

absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of the following behavioral and health factor metrics:
- not smoking
- recommended physical activity
- a healthy diet pattern
- a healthy weight

129
Q

why have age-adjusted mortality rates for CVD dropped over the past 60 years?

A
  • public health efforts related to smoking cessation
  • increased physical activity
  • nutrition

community health (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions