chapter 8 Flashcards
adolescents, young adults, and adults
adolescents age range?
10-19
young adults age range?
20-24
adults age range?
25-64
what age range is considered the most productive?
15-64 years
how do lifestyle and health behavior affect later years?
they shape health for later years
what challenges are faced during adolescence?
- transition from childhood to adulthood
- psychological changes
- hormonal changes
- physical maturation
- opportunities to engage in risky behaviors
what changes do young adults experience?
complete physical growth and life changes
what is a consequence of increased freedom for young adults?
access to health-compromising situations
what fraction of the U.S. population was adolescents and young adults in 2010?
over 1/5
what living arrangement statistic was reported in 2010?
25% (1/4) of all children lived in single-parent families
in the future, what will happen to the proportion of adolescents and young adults?
it will decrease, but the number of adolescents will increase
why are these cohorts (adolescents, young adults, and adults) so important to community health?
viewing these age group profiles enables public health workers to detect the causes of disease, injury, and death for specific priority populations and to propose interventions to reduce those causes
examples of events that occur during the most productive years of one’s life?
- completion of formal education
- marriage
- starting a family
- earn their greatest amount of wealth
- find and develop their career
why are adolescents and young adults considered important by society?
they are the future of the nation
what kinds of changes do YA face?
- physical
- emotional
- educational
why is the period of adolescence and young adulthood a critical one, in terms of health?
- many health-related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and challenged
- access to health-compromising substances and experiences
- opportunities for health-enhancing experiences
- lifestyles are established
examples of health-compromising substances and experiences
- smoking
- alcohol
- drugs
- sexual risk-taking
examples of health-enhancing experiences
- regularly scheduled exercise
- healthful diets
- opportunities to engage in behaviors and experiences that benefit their communities
what is the life course approach?
the concept that health status and environmental exposures in the early part of one’s life will impact their adult health status
why is the life course approach important?
it helps explain how every stage of a person’s life impacts the individual’s long-term health
what are the 4 variables that are most important to community health for adolescents and YA?
- number of young people
- their living arrangements
- their employment status
- their access to health care
what are children living in single-parent families more likely to experience?
- economic disadvantages
- negative impacts on emotional, cognitive, and social well-being
what gender has a higher mortality rate?
males
what contributes to the reductions in youth labor-force participation?
- increased school attendance
- enrollment in high school, college, and summer school
what percentage of the overall labor force is composed of the youth labor force?
13%
why is employment status important to community and public health?
most health insurance (access to health care) is connected to employment status
what have studies shown about YA and their access to health care and use of the ER?
they have less access to health care and tend to use emergency rooms for care more than adolescents
what 4 major areas stand out when looking at the health profile of adolescents and YA?
- mortality
- morbidity from specific infectious diseases
- health behavior and lifestyle
- protective factors
what was occurred with the death rate for adolescents and YA?
it was declined significantly
what can the decline in death rates for adolescents and YA be attributed to?
- advances in medicine
- injury and disease prevention
- behavior changes
leading causes of death for young people overall?
- unintentional injuries (41%)
- homicide (17%)
- suicide (15%)
what is a major contributing factor for deaths caused by motor vehicle-related injuries?
alcohol
what is a significant racial disparity in homicide rates?
black males have 4x higher rates than hispanics and 10x higher rates than other populations
why have certain communicable diseases been significantly reduced or eradicated?
- medical advances
- knowledge regarding immunizations
what percentage of new STIs are acquired by adolescents and YA?
50% (1/2)
what are the most common STIs among adolescents?
HIV, HPV, chlamydia
what does the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System monitor?
health behaviors of high school students
smokeless tobacco (or spit tobacco)
includes oral snuff, loose leaf chewing tobacco, plug chewing tobacco, and nasal snuff
intensity
cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate
body mass index (BMI)
the ratio of weight (in kg) to height (in meters, squared)
hypercholesterolemia
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
protective factors
individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stressful life events, increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards, and promote social and emotional competence
examples of protective factors
- strong family bonds
- parental engagement in child’s life
- academic success
- conventional norms about drugs + alcohol
- clear parental expectations and consequences
risk factors
individual, familial, or environmental influences that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes for children and an increased risk of engagement in harmful or risky behavior
examples of risk factors
- chaotic home environment
- ineffective parenting
- academic failure
- poor social coping skills
- affiliations with deviant peers
what is the youth risk behavioral surveillance system?
set of state, territorial, tribal, and district surveys
when is the YRBSS conducted?
odd-numbered years
how is the YRBSS helpful?
- it is helpful at the state and local levels
- leads to implementation of programs and policies
behaviors that lead to unintentional injuries
- seat belt use
- bicycle helmet use
- motorcycle helmet use
- riding with a drunk driver
- driving after drinking alcohol
what is a new [behavioral] challenge in terms of unintentional injuries?
texting while driving
behaviors that contribute to violence-related injuries
- carrying a weapon
- physical fighting
- dating violence
- having been forced to have sexual intercourse
- bullying
- suicide ideation and attempts
who is more likely to be a victim of sexual assault?
women
who is more likely to carry weapons and get into fights?
men
which race is more likely to smoke?
white
when is nicotine dependency usually developed by?
by the age of 18
examples of tobacco use:
smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, hookahs, vaping
purpose of 1998 lawsuit against tobacco use
reduce smoking, especially among young people
what was the name of the lawsuit against tobacco use in 1998?
1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)
what is now under the jurisdiction of the FDA?
nicotine
what was passed in 2009 in relation to tobacco use?
Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act
what is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes?
alcohol
what percentage of high schoolers use alcohol?
33%
what percentage of high schoolers binge drink?
18%
what percentage of high schoolers have tried marijuana?
40%
what other drugs have been used by high schoolers?
- inhalants
- prescription drugs (abuse of them)
- cocaine
what percentage of high schoolers have engaged in sexual intercourse?
42% (>1/3)
what do sexual behavior statistics imply the need for?
comprehensive sex education prior to high school
health risks associated with teen pregnancies
- educational
- economic
- psychosocial
what percentage of high school students are not physically active?
50%
what percentage of high schoolers are obese
30%
what percentage of high schoolers are trying to lose weight?
50% (1/2)
what are growing concerns among high schoolers?
- physical activity and sedentary behavior
- overweight and weight control
- teenage pregnancies
- STIs
- unintended pregnancies
- alcohol and drug use
- tobacco use
- violence
- unintentional injuries
what is a contributing factor to unintentional injuries for college students?
alcohol
what are 2 available data sources regarding health behaviors of college students?
- National College Health Assessment II (NCHA-II)
-Monitoring the Future
what is a particularly prevalent violence issue on college campuses?
sexual assault
behaviors that contribute to violence on college campuses
- weapons
- fighting
- suicide ideation/attempts
what does research indicate about tobacco use among college students?
more educated = less likely to use tobacco
what does research indicate about alcohol use among college students?
more educated = more likely to drink
what is excessive alcohol intake associated with?
- fatal and nonfatal injuries
- alcohol poisoning
- STIS and unintended pregnancies
- various forms of violence
what STIs are most common among persons under 25 years of age?
- gonorrhea
- chlamydia
what 4 major factors is community health affected by?
- physical factors
- community organizing
- individual behavior
- social and cultural factors
what 2 of the 4 factors need special attention when dealing with the health problems of the youth population?
- social and cultural factors
- community organizing
optimal cholesterol
< 200 mg/dL
optimal LDL (bad cholesterol)
< 100 mg/dL
optimal HDL (good cholesterol)
> 60 mg/dL
optimal triglycerides
< 150 mg/dL
what contributes to high triglycerides?
sugar, alcohol, excessive calorie intake
hypertension
blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher
when is hypertension considered severe?
when the blood pressure is over 120/80 mmHg
what condition is known as the “silent killer”
hypertension
how can hypertension be prevented?
- low sodium diet
- exercise
what is atherosclerosis often called?
coronary artery disease
artherosclerosis
- thickening + hardening of arteries
- plaque buildup and deposit on the arteries
what is the single greatest killer?
coronary heart disease (heart attack)
coronary heart disease (heart attack)
- area of the heart suffers permanent damage, normal blood supply is blocked
- lifesaving support is critical
define cancer
a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
benign tumors
can obstruct organs but are non-cancerous
malignant tumors
produce mutant cells and spread to organs; are cancerous
in what age group is cancer the leading cause of death?
44-64
2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.
cancer
what should saturated fat be limited to?
less than 10% of diet/total daily calorie intake
give examples of foods high in saturated fat
- palm oil
- coconut oil
- butter
- cheese
- bacon
- pork
- yogurt
what causes cancer?
- lifestyle
- genetics
- occupational + environmental risks
- reproductive + hormonal factors
- alcohol
- smoking
- chemicals in foods
- infectious disease
leading causes of cancer deaths in men
- lung
- prostate
- colon-rectal
leading causes of cancer deaths in women
- lung
- breast
- colon-rectal
how can breast cancer be prevented?
- reducing alcohol
- having a diet low in fats
lung cancer
- leading cause of cancer deaths
- smoking is responsible for 90% of cases
how can breast cancer be found?
self-exams and mammograms
where is breast cancer more common?
developed nations
what are most symptoms of prostate cancer associated with?
issues with urination
how do chances of having prostate cancer increase?
- aging
- if a father or brother has it
how can prostate cancer be prevented?
having a diet high in fruits and vegetables (especially lycopene)
symptoms of colon cancer
- rectal bleeding
- blood in the stool
- changes in bowel habits
how can colon cancer be found/diagnosed?
colonoscopy
risk factors for colon cancer
- over 50 years old
- obesity
- family history
how can colon cancer be prevented?
- exercise
- diet high in fruits + vegetables
- eating more fiber
- avoiding red meat
arrhythmias
- irregularities in heart rhythm
- not all are life threatening
how can arrhythmias be triggered?
excessive caffeine and nicotine intake
tachycardia
when the heart beats faster than normal (>100 bpm)
bradycardia
when the heart beats abnormally slower (<60 bpm)
stroke (or CV accident)
when blood supply to the brain is interrupted
symptoms of strokes
- drooping face on one side
- weakness or paralysis of one arm (monoparesis or monoplegia)
- slurred speech
aneurysm
- a bulge that hemorrhages
- can cause a stroke
alcohol prevention efforts
- comprehensive health education
- should include components outside the classroom
- increase in protective factors
- prevention programs
what portion of the U.S. population do adults represent?
1/2
what years were baby boomers born in?
1946-1964
mortality of adults
- mainly from chronic diseases
- results from unhealthy behaviors + poor lifestyle choices
what has led to a decline in the death rate for adults?
lifestyle improvements and public health advances
define ideal cardiovascular health
absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of the following behavioral and health factor metrics:
- not smoking
- recommended physical activity
- a healthy diet pattern
- a healthy weight
why have age-adjusted mortality rates for CVD dropped over the past 60 years?
- public health efforts related to smoking cessation
- increased physical activity
- nutrition
