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Psychology Chapter 8 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Argued that children learn language the same way they learn everything else: imitation, reinforcement, and other established conditioning

A

B. F. Skinner

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2
Q

Pointed there is an infinite number of sentences in a language, deeming it unreasonable to expect children to learn language by imitation.

A

Noam Chomsky

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3
Q

Alternative theory that humans have an inborn (“native” propensity to develop language)

A

LAD Language Acquisition Device

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4
Q

Asserts biology and experience both make important contributions to the development of language

A

Interactionists/Interactionist Theories

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5
Q

Smaller vocabularies, handicap in raw language processing and verbal fluency, scores moderately higher on exams. 50% of people are:

A

Bilingual

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6
Q

hypothesis that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought.

A

Linguistic Relativity (B. Whorf)

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7
Q

person must discover the relations among the parts of the problem. Series completion problems and analogy problems are examples

A

Problems of inducing structure

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8
Q

must arrange parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. The string problem and anagrams fit into this category

A

Problems of arrangement

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9
Q

carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal. The hobbits and orcs problem and the water jar problem

A

Problems of transformation

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10
Q

focus on irrelevant information, functional fixedness, mental set, and imposition of unnecessary constraints

A

Common Obstacles

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11
Q

points out that people often incorrectly assume that all the numerical information in a problem is necessary to solve it

A

Sternberg

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12
Q

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

A

Functional Fixedness (string problem)

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13
Q

exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

A

Mental Set (water jar/A. Luchins)

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14
Q

all constraints governing a problem without assuming any constraints that don’t exist. (nine dots problem)

A

Unnecessary Constraints

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15
Q

asserts that insights arise from sudden restructurings of problems that occur at an unconscious level

A

Special Process Views

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16
Q

a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions. Does NOT guarantee success

A

Heuristic

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17
Q

Often used to tackle problems by taking intermediate steps toward a solution. When you have reached a subgoal, you’ve solved part of the problem. (tower of hanoi)

A

Forming Subgoals

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18
Q

If you can spot an analogy between problems, you may be able to use a solution from a previous problem to solve the current one.

A

Analogies (eagle=plane)

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19
Q

problems can be represented in a variety of ways, verbally, mathematically, or spatially. When failing to make progress it can be beneficial to change your representation.

A

Changing Representation

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20
Q

occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem.

A

Incubation Effect

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21
Q

presented computer-animated scenes of fish and other underwater objects to japanese and american participants and asked them to report what they had seen

A

Masuda and Nisbett

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22
Q

showed that people don’t always live up to these goals of systematic and rationalization in their decision making

A

Herbert Simon

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23
Q

asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal

A

Theory of Bounded Rationality

24
Q

argued that people in modern society are overwhelmed by the amount of choices over preferences

A

Barry Schwartz (choice overload)

25
Q

involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty

A

Risky Decision Making

26
Q

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.

A

Availability (heuristic)

27
Q

selected consonants: K, L, N, R, V, that occur frequently in the third position of a word.

Subjects were asked whether each of the letters appears more often in the first or third position.

Most erroneously believed all five were more frequent in the first than the third position

A

Tversky and Kahneman

28
Q

involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

A

Representativeness (heuristic)

29
Q

occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the offs of either event happening alone.

A

Conjunction Fallacy

30
Q

asserts that humans reasoning largely depends on “fast and frugal heuristics”

A

Gerd Gigerenzer

31
Q

positing that people depend on two different modes, or systems, of thinking when making decisions.

A

Dual-Process Theories

32
Q

quick, simple, effortless, automatic judgements, “intuitive thinking”

A

1st System of Dual-Process

33
Q

monitors and corrects the intuitive system, as need, and takes over when complicated or important decisions loom

A

2nd System of Dual-Processing

34
Q

a child’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

A

IQ

35
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

Lewis Terman

36
Q

published the first high-quality IQ test for adults. (WAIS)

A

David Wechsler (1939)

37
Q

locate respondents precisely within the normal distribution

A

Deviation IQ scores

38
Q

indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.

A

Percentile score

39
Q

numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

A

Correlation Coefficient

40
Q

refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

A

Validity

41
Q

Most Common to use IQ Tests?

A

America, Europe, UK, France, Norway, Canada, Australia

42
Q

BEST evidence regarding genetic factors comes from studies that compare

A

Identical and Fraternal Twins Studies

43
Q

attributed to environmental factors because the world’s gene pool could not have changed so quickly.

A

The Flynn Effect

44
Q

genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits

A

Reaction Range

45
Q

argued that racial differenced in average IQ are due to heredity

A

Arthur Jensen

46
Q

publication of The Bell Curve. argued ethnic differences in average IQ are substantial, not easily reduced, and partly in genetic origin

A

Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q

and genetic factors account for IQ gap between races

A

J. Phillipe Rushton and Arthur Jensen

49
Q

made an effort to apply a cognitive perspective to the study of intelligence. Emphasizes the need to understand how people use their intelligence

A

Robert Sternberg

49
Q

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

A

Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

49
Q

Involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgement. Crucial to most schoolwork and that is assessed by conventional IQ tests

A

Analytical Intelligence

50
Q

Involves the ability to generate new ideas and to be inventive in dealing with novel problems

A

Creative Intelligence

51
Q

Involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems people encounter in everyday life, such as on the job or at home.

A

Practical intelligence

52
Q

IQ tests have generally emphasized verbal and mathematical skills to the exclusion of other important skills. He suggests the existence of a number of independent human intelligences

A

Howard Gardner

53
Q

Logical-mathematical

Linguistic

Musical

Spatial

Bodily-kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalist

A

Eight independent intelligences

54
Q
A

Psychology Chapter 8 (2 decks)

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