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Psychology 101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is thinking?

A

brain activity in which we manipulate information

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2
Q

Representation of events or objects.

A

Mental Images

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3
Q

A layout you create in your mind of a given region.

A

Cognitive map

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4
Q

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.

A

Concepts

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5
Q

Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.

A

Prototype

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6
Q

The process in which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.

A

Reasoning

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7
Q

Reasoning from the general to the specific.

A

Deductive Reasoning

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8
Q

Reasoning from the specific to the general.

A

Inductive Reasoning

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9
Q

A rule, that if followed, guarantees a result.

A

Algorithm

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10
Q

A thinking strategy that may lead to a solution to a problem or decision.

A

Heuristic

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11
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easily we can bring to mind examples of such event.

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12
Q

Familiarity Heuristic

A

A preference for more familiar objects, people, and things.

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13
Q

The tendency to more heavily weigh options that are closer to the present than ones farther away.

A

Present Bias

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14
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

The field that examines how to use technology to imitate human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.

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15
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of higher mental processes

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16
Q

A problem where the nature of it and the information needed is available and clear.

A

Well-defined Problem

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17
Q

A problem where the nature and/or information required is not so obvious/clear.

A

Ill-defined Problem

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18
Q

Arrangement problem

A

requires the rearrangement or combination of elements to satisfy a criteria.

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19
Q

Problems of inducing structure

A

requires to identify the relationship between elements and create a new relationship.

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20
Q

15-35-55-75-95 is an example of

A

problems of inducing structure

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21
Q

Transformation problems consist of

A

an initial state, a goal, and a method for reaching the goal.

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22
Q

Tower of Hanoi is an example of a ________ problem

A

Transformation

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23
Q

a problem solver starts by considering the ultimate goal and determining the best way to get there.

A

means-end analysis

24
Q

a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated.

A

Insight

25
Q

Who studied insight in chimpanzees?

A

Wolfgang Kohler

26
Q

Functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it’s most commonly used.

27
Q

the tendency to solve problems based on past experiences.

A

Mental set

28
Q

Confirmation bias

A

a preference for your own hypothesis, ignoring contradictory information or evidence.

29
Q

fabricated information made to look and sound like real news.

A

Fake News

30
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways.

31
Q

Divergent thinking

A

generates multiple and novel responses to problems and questions.

32
Q

Convergent thinking

A

a problem is viewed as having a single answer based on knowledge and logic.

33
Q

a preference for elaborate, intricate, and complex thoughts and solutions to problems.

A

Cognitive complexity

34
Q

We get more/less creative the older we get

A

less

35
Q

What is language?

A

the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

36
Q

the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

A

Grammar

37
Q

Phonology

A

the study of phenomes

38
Q

Phenomes

A

the smallest basic units of speech that affect meaning

39
Q

Syntax

A

the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.

40
Q

Semantics

A

the meaning of words and sentences.

41
Q

the meaning of words and sentences.

A

Semantics

42
Q

the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.

A

Syntax

43
Q

Babble

A

to make speechlike but meaningless sounds

44
Q

Critical Period

A

when a child is particularly sensitive to language.

45
Q

sentences in which only essential words are used.

A

Telegraphic Speech

46
Q

“I show book” is an example of

A

Telegraphic Speech

47
Q

Overgeneralization

A

when children employ language rules even when it results in an error.

48
Q

“He ranned” is an example of

A

Overgeneralization

49
Q

Learning-theory approach suggests that

A

language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

50
Q

Chomsky’s nativist approach states that

A

humans are genetically prewired to learn language

51
Q

Universal Grammar

A

Our inherited neural system

52
Q

Interactionist approach states that

A

language is both genetic and social

53
Q

The linguistic-relativity hypothesis states that

A

language shapes and helps determine the way we see the world.

54
Q

Language produces thought

A

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

55
Q

What is biculturalism?

A

Being a member of two cultures and its psychological impact.

Psychology 101 (1 decks)

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