Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is thinking?
brain activity in which we manipulate information
Representation of events or objects.
Mental Images
A layout you create in your mind of a given region.
Cognitive map
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
Concepts
Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.
Prototype
The process in which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.
Reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specific.
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general.
Inductive Reasoning
A rule, that if followed, guarantees a result.
Algorithm
A thinking strategy that may lead to a solution to a problem or decision.
Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easily we can bring to mind examples of such event.
Familiarity Heuristic
A preference for more familiar objects, people, and things.
The tendency to more heavily weigh options that are closer to the present than ones farther away.
Present Bias
Artificial Intelligence
The field that examines how to use technology to imitate human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.
Cognitive Psychology
the study of higher mental processes
A problem where the nature of it and the information needed is available and clear.
Well-defined Problem
A problem where the nature and/or information required is not so obvious/clear.
Ill-defined Problem
Arrangement problem
requires the rearrangement or combination of elements to satisfy a criteria.
Problems of inducing structure
requires to identify the relationship between elements and create a new relationship.
15-35-55-75-95 is an example of
problems of inducing structure
Transformation problems consist of
an initial state, a goal, and a method for reaching the goal.
Tower of Hanoi is an example of a ________ problem
Transformation
a problem solver starts by considering the ultimate goal and determining the best way to get there.
means-end analysis
a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated.
Insight
Who studied insight in chimpanzees?
Wolfgang Kohler
Functional fixedness
the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it’s most commonly used.
the tendency to solve problems based on past experiences.
Mental set
Confirmation bias
a preference for your own hypothesis, ignoring contradictory information or evidence.
fabricated information made to look and sound like real news.
Fake News
Creativity
the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways.
Divergent thinking
generates multiple and novel responses to problems and questions.
Convergent thinking
a problem is viewed as having a single answer based on knowledge and logic.
a preference for elaborate, intricate, and complex thoughts and solutions to problems.
Cognitive complexity
We get more/less creative the older we get
less
What is language?
the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.
the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
Grammar
Phonology
the study of phenomes
Phenomes
the smallest basic units of speech that affect meaning
Syntax
the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.
Semantics
the meaning of words and sentences.
the meaning of words and sentences.
Semantics
the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.
Syntax
Babble
to make speechlike but meaningless sounds
Critical Period
when a child is particularly sensitive to language.
sentences in which only essential words are used.
Telegraphic Speech
“I show book” is an example of
Telegraphic Speech
Overgeneralization
when children employ language rules even when it results in an error.
“He ranned” is an example of
Overgeneralization
Learning-theory approach suggests that
language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.
Chomsky’s nativist approach states that
humans are genetically prewired to learn language
Universal Grammar
Our inherited neural system
Interactionist approach states that
language is both genetic and social
The linguistic-relativity hypothesis states that
language shapes and helps determine the way we see the world.
Language produces thought
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis
What is biculturalism?
Being a member of two cultures and its psychological impact.
