Chapter 8

Question 1

What is thinking?

Answer 1

brain activity in which we manipulate information

Question 2

Representation of events or objects.

Answer 2

Mental Images

Question 3

A layout you create in your mind of a given region.

Answer 3

Cognitive map

Question 4

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.

Answer 4

Concepts

Question 5

Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.

Answer 5

Prototype

Question 6

The process in which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.

Answer 6

Reasoning

Question 7

Reasoning from the general to the specific.

Answer 7

Deductive Reasoning

Question 8

Reasoning from the specific to the general.

Answer 8

Inductive Reasoning

Question 9

A rule, that if followed, guarantees a result.

Answer 9

Algorithm

Question 10

A thinking strategy that may lead to a solution to a problem or decision.

Answer 10

Heuristic

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Judging the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easily we can bring to mind examples of such event.

Question 12

Familiarity Heuristic

Answer 12

A preference for more familiar objects, people, and things.

Question 13

The tendency to more heavily weigh options that are closer to the present than ones farther away.

Answer 13

Present Bias

Question 14

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 14

The field that examines how to use technology to imitate human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.

Question 15

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 15

the study of higher mental processes

Question 16

A problem where the nature of it and the information needed is available and clear.

Answer 16

Well-defined Problem

Question 17

A problem where the nature and/or information required is not so obvious/clear.

Answer 17

Ill-defined Problem

Question 18

Arrangement problem

Answer 18

requires the rearrangement or combination of elements to satisfy a criteria.

Question 19

Problems of inducing structure

Answer 19

requires to identify the relationship between elements and create a new relationship.

Question 20

15-35-55-75-95 is an example of

Answer 20

problems of inducing structure

Question 21

Transformation problems consist of

Answer 21

an initial state, a goal, and a method for reaching the goal.

Question 22

Tower of Hanoi is an example of a ________ problem

Answer 22

Transformation

Question 23

a problem solver starts by considering the ultimate goal and determining the best way to get there.

Answer 23

means-end analysis

Question 24

a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated.

Answer 24

Insight

Question 25

Who studied insight in chimpanzees?

Answer 25

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 26

Functional fixedness

Answer 26

the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it's most commonly used.

Question 27

the tendency to solve problems based on past experiences.

Answer 27

Mental set

Question 28

Confirmation bias

Answer 28

a preference for your own hypothesis, ignoring contradictory information or evidence.

Question 29

fabricated information made to look and sound like real news.

Answer 29

Fake News

Question 30

Creativity

Answer 30

the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways.

Question 31

Divergent thinking

Answer 31

generates multiple and novel responses to problems and questions.

Question 32

Convergent thinking

Answer 32

a problem is viewed as having a single answer based on knowledge and logic.

Question 33

a preference for elaborate, intricate, and complex thoughts and solutions to problems.

Answer 33

Cognitive complexity

Question 34

We get more/less creative the older we get

Answer 34

less

Question 35

What is language?

Answer 35

the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

Question 36

the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

Answer 36

Grammar

Question 37

Phonology

Answer 37

the study of phenomes

Question 38

Phenomes

Answer 38

the smallest basic units of speech that affect meaning

Question 39

Syntax

Answer 39

the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.

Question 40

Semantics

Answer 40

the meaning of words and sentences.

Question 41

the meaning of words and sentences.

Answer 41

Semantics

Question 42

the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences.

Answer 42

Syntax

Question 43

Babble

Answer 43

to make speechlike but meaningless sounds

Question 44

Critical Period

Answer 44

when a child is particularly sensitive to language.

Question 45

sentences in which only essential words are used.

Answer 45

Telegraphic Speech

Question 46

"I show book" is an example of

Answer 46

Telegraphic Speech

Question 47

Overgeneralization

Answer 47

when children employ language rules even when it results in an error.

Question 48

"He ranned" is an example of

Answer 48

Overgeneralization

Question 49

Learning-theory approach suggests that

Answer 49

language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

Question 50

Chomsky's nativist approach states that

Answer 50

humans are genetically prewired to learn language

Question 51

Universal Grammar

Answer 51

Our inherited neural system

Question 52

Interactionist approach states that

Answer 52

language is both genetic and social

Question 53

The linguistic-relativity hypothesis states that

Answer 53

language shapes and helps determine the way we see the world.

Question 54

Language produces thought

Answer 54

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Question 55

What is biculturalism?

Answer 55

Being a member of two cultures and its psychological impact.