Chapter 8

Question 1

Bivariate Correlation

Answer 1

An association that involves exactly two variables. Also called bivariate association.

Question 2

Effect Size

Answer 2

The magnitude, or strength, of a relationship between two or more variables

Question 3

Statistically Significant

Answer 3

In NHST, the conclusion assigned when p <.05; that is, when it is unlikely the result came from the null-hypothesis population

Question 4

Replication

Answer 4

The process of conducting a study again to test whether the result is consistent

Question 5

Outlier

Answer 5

A score that stands out as either much higher or much lower than most of the other scores in a sample

Question 6

Restriction of Range

Answer 6

In a bivariate correlation, the absence of a full range of possible scores on one of the variables, so the relationship from the sample underestimates the true correlation

Question 7

Curvilinear Association

Answer 7

An association between two variables which is not a straight line; instead, as one variable increases, the level of the other variable increases and then decreases (or vice versa).

Question 8

Directionality Problem

Answer 8

In a correlational study, the occurrence of both variables being measured around the same time, making it unclear which variable in the association came first.

Question 9

Third Variable Problem

Answer 9

In a correlational study, the existence of a plausible alternative explanation for the association between two variables.

Question 10

Spurious Association

Answer 10

A bivariate association that is attributable only to systematic mean differences on subgroups within the sample; the original association is not present within the subgroups.

Question 11

Moderator

Answer 11

A variable that, depending on its level, changes the relationship between two other variables