Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What type of artery supplies blood to the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder?
A
Subclavian
2
Q
Which heart sound represents either decreased stretching (compliance) of the left ventricle or increased pressure in the atria?
A
S4
3
Q
What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?
A
It carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
4
Q
A person with which blood type is known as a universal donor?
A
Type O.
5
Q
Which law is involved in the role of diffusion?
A
Henry’s law
6
Q
Which of the body’s buffer systems responds the most rapidly to keep the hydrogen ion concentration within normal limits?
A
Circulating bicarbonate buffer component
7
Q
Which term refers to the amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath?
A
Tidal volume
8
Q
Which of the following is an accessory muscle used during inhalation?
A
Pectoralis major
9
Q
What is the primary function of the upper airway?
A
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide as it enters the body
10
Q
The main functions of the urinary system are to control fluid balance in the body, to filter and eliminate wastes, and to:
A
Control pH balance
11
Q
Which of the following terms are used to describe the hip bones?
A
Pelvic or innominate bones
12
Q
What are the main divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central and peripheral
13
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the normal human body?
A
31
14
Q
What is the function of afferent nerves?
A
Afferent nerves carry information to the CNS
15
Q
What is a dermatome designed to do?
A
It helps determine a level of spinal injury on the body.
16
Q
Which ions assist in acid-base balance?
A
Bicarbonate
17
Q
The pressure exerted by the concentration of the solutes in a given space to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane is known as what?
A
Osmotic pressure
18
Q
Which lobe processes information from sensory receptors, including pain, temperature, and vibration?
A
Parietal
19
Q
What does aldosterone do?
A
Aldosterone increases renal reabsorption of sodium and water with a net increase in blood volume.
20
Q
Which electrolyte is the principal intracellular cation that plays a major role in neuromuscular function and in the conversion of glucose into glycogen?
A
Potassium.
21
Q
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, where does it take place?
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized.
True or false?
A
True.
The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized.
23
Q
Osmosis is the process of particles moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved.
True or false?
A
False.
Diffusion is the process of particles moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved.
24
Q
Crenation occurs when too much water moves out of a cell and the cell shrinks abnormally.
True or false?
A
True.
Crenation occurs when too much water moves out of a cell and the cell shrinks abnormally.
25
Glucose enters the cell by process of osmosis.
True or false?
False.
Glucose enters the cell by process of facilitated diffusion.
26
Which types of muscles are not under voluntary control?
Smooth and cardiac
27
What is the primary function of magnesium in the human body?
It acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates.
28
What type of ion has a negative charge?
Anion.
29
Which layer of the skin aids in thermoregulation?
Papillary layer
30
Which pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum via the costal cartilage?
The true ribs
31
Which layer of the skin contains the hair follicles?
Dermis
32
The first artery to branch from the aortic arch is the:
Brachiocephalic artery
33
Which of the following is an example of an endocrine gland?
Pituitary~Salivary~Sweat~Lacrimal
Pituitary
34
Beginning with the outermost layer, the three meningeal layers of the central nervous system are the:
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
35
Freshly oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium through the:
Pulmonary veins
36
Severe injuries to the liver are life threatening because it is:
Highly vascular and very fragile
37
The average total body water content of a healthy adult is approximately _____ of his or her body weight.
60%
38
A newborn’s total body water content is approximately ____ to total body weight.
80%
39
In addition to facilitating the uptake of sugar into the cells, insulin is responsible for:
The chemical conversion of glucose to glycogen.
40
The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine are synthesized by the:
Thyroid gland
41
Which of the following are typically found in the muscle cells and provide cell movement and contraction via interaction with action and myosin?
Microfilaments~Lysosomes~Peroxisomes~
Mitochondria
Microfilaments
42
What portion of the brain is a relay center that filters important signals from routine signals?
Thalamus
43
The gap that lies between each nerve cell is called the:
Synapse
44
The body’s ability to spontaneously cease bleeding is called:
Hemostasis
45
Which of the following is a type of white blood cell?
Eosinophil~Histamine~Fibrin~Platelet
Eosinophil
46
Which layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells?
Tunica media
47
Examples of steroid hormones are:
Cortisol and testosterone
48
The epiglottis can be described as:
A flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.
49
Which portion of the spinal column articulates with the pelvis?
Sacral
50
The first and second cervical vertebrae are called the:
Atlas and axis
51
What physiologic reaction occurs when a person’s blood sugar level falls?
Glucagon production is increased.
52
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the:
Ascending aorta
53
As electricity travels down the left and right bundle branches, it first stimulates the:
Intraventricular septum
54
Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the:
Vena cava and coronary sinus
55
The separation of the intracellular and extracellular areas by a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain:
Homeostasis
56
Normal inhalation is the result of:
Negative pressure in the thoracic cavity
57
The atrioventricular valves of the heart include the:
Tricuspid and mitral valves
58
What hormone is secreted in response to a decrease in the sodium level or an increase in the potassium level?
Aldosterone
59
The integumentary system includes which of the following structures?
Lymph nodes ~ Adrenal glands ~ Blood vessels~ Epidermis
Epidermis
60
The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity is called the:
Parietal pleura
61
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveolar capillary membrane through a process called:
Diffusion
62
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it:
Allows only certain substances to pass through it.
63
The catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) has an affinity for:
Alpha and beta receptors
64
The longest portion of the aorta, which subdivides into the thoracic and abdominal aorta, is the:
Descending aorta
65
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves occur during:
Ventricular contraction
66
Which of the following vessels or structures is part of the pulmonary circulation?
Endocardium ~ Epicardium ~ Pulmonary artery ~ Descending aorta
Pulmonary artery
67
Which of the following is a hormone formed in the kidney that initiates the initial formation of angiotensin II?
Aldosterone ~ Sodium ~ Renin ~ Testosterone
Renin
68
Ventricular muscle contraction and the pumping of blood throughout the body occur during:
Systole
69
The diencephalon contains which of the following structures?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
70
Molecules that bind to a receptor’s cells and trigger a response by that cell, thereby resulting in some kind of action or biologic effect, are called:
Agonists
71
The growth plate of a bone is also called the:
Epiphyseal plate
72
A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that:
Increases heart rate
73
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves arise from the:
Autonomic nervous system
74
When activated, fibrinogen is converted to:
Fibrin
75
The substance that contains all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the:
Cytoplasm
76
In response to shock or stress, sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes:
Vasoconstriction
77
Cardiac output is equal to:
Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate
78
What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulates hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex
79
Which type of nerve cells conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
80
Nicotinic receptors are found:
On skeletal muscle
81
The two major veins that drain the head and neck of blood are the:
Jugular veins
82
A(n) ________ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen ions.
Buffer
83
Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the:
Islets of Langerhans
84
The parathyroid glands produce and secrete a hormone that:
Maintains normals levels of calcium in the blood
85
The heart’s primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium, is the:
SA node
86
What are the three layers of the blood vessel, starting with the outer layer?
Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
87
Which of the following is a facial bone?
Maxilla
88
Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:
Is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath.
89
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:
Ventilation
90
Which of the following is part of the pelvis?
Femur ~ Iliac crest ~ Trochanter ~ Sacrum
Iliac crest
91
The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the:
Mediastinum
92
The term inotropy refers to the:
Strength of myocardial contraction
93
A specialized part of the venous system that filters the blood and metabolizes various drugs is called the:
Hepatic portal system
94
Which of the following is a function of the skin?
Temperature regulation
95
The three small bones in the middle ear are the:
Incus, malleus, and stapes
96
If too much water moves out of a cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. This process is called:
Crenation
97
A protein of the immune system that recognizes foreign substances is called a(n):
Antibody
98
With regard to the heart, ejection fraction is defined as the:
Percentage of blood ejected from the heart per contraction
99
The basic structure of nervous tissue that responds to environmental changes by transmitting impulses is the:
Neuron
100
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood.
101
An abnormal whooshing sound that is heard over a main vessel and indicates turbulent blood flow is called a:
Bruit
102
End-diastolic volume is primarily a reflection of:
Venous return to the heart
103
Which of the following statements regarding interstitial fluid is correct?
It is located in the extracellular space and between the cells.
104
Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the:
Frank-Starling mechanism
105
The pulmonary circulation is responsible for:
Ensuring that blood gets re-oxygenated
106
What body system is composed of various glands located throughout the body?
Endocrine system
107
The process in which malignant cells travel to other organs or tissue and establish secondary tumors is called:
Metastasis
108
Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system results in:
Vasoconstriction
109
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is responsible for:
Smell
110
Which of the following is an example of a voluntary muscle?
Cardiac ~ Smooth ~ Nonstriated ~ Skeletal
Skeletal
111
Which of the following is a function of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
Innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs.
112
Glycogenolysis is the physiological process in which:
Glycogen is converted to glucose
113
Decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) result in:
Polyuria and diabetes insipidus
114
Antibodies made by the liver that make up about 36% of the plasma proteins are called:
Globulins
115
Efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system are responsible for:
Carrying commands to the body
116
Afterload is defined as the:
Degree of pressure against which the left ventricle pumps.
117
The majority of the body’s total body water is contained within the:
Intracellular space
118
The ilium is defined as the:
Bony prominences of the pelvis
119
The formation of glucose in the liver is called:
Gluconeogenesis
120
Immediately inferior to the suprasternal (jugular) notch is the:
Manubrium
121
Which of the following conditions would cause a left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Decreased pH~increased CO2~increased pH~acidosis u
Increased in PH
122
The thyroid gland is responsible for
Metabolic rate
123
The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient that requires energy is called:
Osmotic pressure~facilitated diffusion~endocytosis~active transport
Active Transport
124
What is the function of baroreceptor?
Monitor changes in arterial pressure
125
Each femoral artery supplies blood to the:
Foot ~ brain ~ heart ~ thigh
Thigh
126
The primary respiratory stimulus in a healthy adult is a(n):
Increased arterial carbon dioxide level
127
The ongoing process by which red blood cells are made is called
Phagocytosis~erythropoiesis~hematopoietic~diapedesis
Erythropoiesis
128
The shoulders and hips are examples of ____________ joints
Diarthrotic~biaxial~synarthrotic~amphiarthrotic
Diarthrotic
129
What are the functions of the pancreas?
Production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion
130
The thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the:
Myocardium~pericardium~epicardium~endocardium
Pericardium
131
The main pacemaker for breathing that is responsible for initiating respiration is called the:
Dorsal respiratory group
132
A bruit differs from a murmur in that a bruit:
Is auscultation over a main blood vessel
133
Which of the following is true?
134
The superior portion of the brainstem that contains reflex centers for pupillary reflexes and eye movements is the:
Midbrain~medulla~pons~diecephalon
Midbrain
135
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose following severe head trauma suggests:
Damage to the nasal sinuses
136
What is the cribriform plate?
Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass
137
What is the cribriform plate?
Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass
138
The semilunar valves of the heart function by:
Preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles
139
The semilunar valves of the heart function by:
Preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles
140
The limbic system contains structure that:
Influence emotion and mood
141
Which cranial nerve exits from the brainstem?
Phrenic
142
A pH of 7.30 indicates
Acidosis
143
The subclavian artery gives rise to the:
Vertebral arteries
144
Decreases in the PaCO2 result in increased pH levels in the:
Respiratory system
145
The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called:
Atlanto-occipital joint
146
The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called:
Atlanto-occipital joint
147
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called
Exocytosis~endocytosis~diffusion~osmosis
Diffusion
148
The second heart sound (S2) represents:
Closure of semilunar valves
149
What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs?
Afterload increases
150
Which of the following is a function performed by all cells?
Respiration ~ secretion ~ absorption ~ conductivity
Respiration
151
Which of the following is a function performed by all cells?
Respiration~secretion~absorption~conductivity
Respiration
152
What is the cardiac output of a person with a stroke volume of 60 mL and a heart rate of 90 beats/min?
5.4 L
153
The projection of the neurons that receives electrical impulses from other neurons is called a:
Dendrite.
154
A projection of the second cervical vertebrae (C2) that fits into the vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the:
Odontoid process~spinous process~vertebra process~foramen process
Odontoid process
155
A projection of the second cervical vertebrae (C2) that fits into the vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the:
Odontoid process~spinous process~vertebra process~foramen process
Odontoid process
156
A slightly dilation at the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in regulating blood pressure is called the:
Carotid sinus
157
A fractured of the orbital bone is commonly referred to as a:
Basilar fracture~blowout fracture~LeFort fracture~midface fracture
Blowout fracture
158
What type of tissue fills body spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells?
Connective
159
The aorta and pulmonary artery exit the heart just beneath the:
Costal angle~sternal body~xiphoid process~manubrium
Manubrium
160
The Broca region of the left frontal lobe is responsible for the muscular actions that are associated with:
Speech
161
The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:
Left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.
162
The reticular activating system is located in the:
Brainstem
163
Which of the following structures comprise the axial skeleton?
Skull, face, thoracic cage, vertebral column
164
What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis?
Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur
165
What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis?
Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur
166
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint where the humeral head articulates with the:
Glenoid fossa
167
A person with type A positive blood could receive which of the following blood types?
A+, A-, B-, AB-
A+ or A-
168
Osmosis is the movement of a:
Solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration
169
Which of the following processes initiates urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
170
Which of the following statements regarding type O blood is correct?
It contains no surface antigens.
171
Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid?
Pericardium
172
Phagocytosis is the process by which:
Monocytes digest microbes
173
Which of the following is a formed element of blood?
Plasma ~ Platelets ~ Neutrophils ~ Lymphocytes
Platelets
174
Which hormone prepares the uterus for implantation?
Testosterone ~ Estrogen ~ Progesterone ~ Aldosterone
Progesterone
175
Extracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of the total body water?
37%
176
Small units of an element that vary in size and weight are called:
Atoms
177
The osmotic pressure of a solution, or the ability to affect the movement of water, is called:
Osmolality. (Pay attention to the spelling, don’t confuse with osmolarity)
178
The osmotic pressure of a solution, or the ability to affect the movement of water, is called:
Osmolality. (Pay attention to the spelling, don’t confuse with
179
The middle muscular layer of the heart is called the:
Myocardium
180
The abdominal aorta begins at the level of the:
12th thoracic vertebra
181
During an acidotic state, the kidneys attempt to maintain a normal pH by:
Retaining bicarbonate
182
First pass metabolism occurs in the:
Liver
183
The hypoxic drive is stimulated when:
Arterial PaO2 levels decrease
184
The process in which glucose is broken down to yield pyruvic acid is called:
Glycolysis
185
Which of the following is a deep ridge of nerve fibers that is separated by a layer of dura mater and connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus collosum
186
The peripheral nervous system consists of the:
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
187
As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:
AV node
188
What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonic valves?
Semilunar
189
The term perfusion is defined as
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
190
Which if the following is a function of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
Decreasing gastrointestinal motility
