CHAPTER 8 Flashcards
chemical reaction
-occurs when atoms have enough energy to combine or change bonding partners
-reactants –> products
-chemical reactions in cells are organized in metabolic pathways that er interconnected
metabolism
-sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
metabolic reactions
involve energy changes
energy
-is the capacity to do work, or the capacity for change
-potential or kinetic energy
-energy can be converted from one form to another
potential energy
energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, or change imbalance
kinetic energy
the energy of movement
anabolic reactions
complex molecules are made from simple molecules; energy is required
catholic reactions
complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones; energy is released
how are catabolic and anabolic reactions linked?
the energy released in catabolic reactions is used to drive anabolic reactions to do biological work; its an on going cycle
laws of thermodynamics
-apply to all matter and all energy transformations in the universe
-energy is neither created nor destroyed
-when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work
entropy
(S): a measure of the disorder in a system
in biological systems:
-total energy is called enthalpy (H)
-free energy (G) is the usable energy that can do work
-unusable energy is represented by entropy (S) multiplied by the absolute temperature (T)
- H = G + TS
change in energy can be measured in?
-calories or joules
change in free energy (ΔG) of a chemical reaction
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
if ΔG is -
free energy is released
if ΔG is +
free energy is required
if free energy is not available
the reaction does not occur
what does the second law of thermodynamics also state
-that disorder tends to increase because of energy transformations
exergonic reactions
-release free energy (-ΔG)
-cell respiration
-catabolism
catabolism
-breaks down an ordered reactant into smaller, more randomly distributed products –> complexity decreases (generates disorder)
endergonic reactions
-consume free energy (+ΔG)
-active transport
-cell movements
-anabolism
anabolism
-makes a single product (a highly ordered substance) out of many smaller reactants (less ordered) –>complexity (order) increases.