chapter 8

Question 1

which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave

Answer 1

thoracic and pelvic

Question 2

which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves

Answer 2

thoracic and pelvic

Question 3

which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves

Answer 3

cervical and lumbar

Question 4

which two vertebral curves are primary curves

Answer 4

thoracic and pelvic

Question 5

which spinal condition involves excessive dorsal curvatures of the thoracic vertebral column

Answer 5

kyphosis

Question 6

which abnormal spinal condition involves and lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Answer 6

scoliosis

Question 7

short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of vertebral bodies of typical vertebrae

Answer 7

pedicles

Question 8

which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae

Answer 8

pedicle and lamina

Question 9

which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebra

Answer 9

both laminae

Question 10

which structure of the typical vertebra are zygapophyses

Answer 10

articular processes

Question 11

which structure is the dens located

Answer 11

C2

Question 12

which structure is known as the stlas

Answer 12

C1

Question 13

which structure is know as the axia

Answer 13

C2

Question 14

which structure is the dens located

Answer 14

body of C2

Question 15

which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein

Answer 15

transverse processes

Question 16

which vertebral structures have bifib tips

Answer 16

spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

Question 17

reference to midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae

Answer 17

90 degrees laterally

Question 18

reference to midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae

Answer 18

70-75 degrees anteriorly

Question 19

thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have

Answer 19

demifacets

Question 20

which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets

Answer 20

heads and ribs

Question 21

reference to midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae

Answer 21

30-60 degrees posteriorly

Question 22

lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae becuase lumbar vertebrae have

Answer 22

broad, large spinous processes

Question 23

which parts of the sacrum form the joints with the ilia of the pelvis

Answer 23

auricular surfaces

Question 24

AP projections that demonstrates the den using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection (open mouth) because Fuchs method

Answer 24

extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed

Question 25

radiographers should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is

Answer 25

suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease

Question 26

which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum

Answer 26

AP projection (Fuchs method)

Question 27

which cervical structures are best demonstrated with AP projection (open mouth)

Answer 27

C1 and C2

Question 28

how should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)

Answer 28

perpendicularly

Question 29

how and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 29

15-20 degrees cephalad tp C4

Question 30

how should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 30

centered to C4

Question 31

for which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the center ray be angled 15-20 degrees cephalad

Answer 31

AP axial projection

Question 32

which evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 32

C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

Question 33

which projection of the cervical vertebral column requires an SID of 72in

Answer 33

lateral projection

Question 34

which maneuver should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 34

suspend respiration after full expiration

Question 35

what should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projection of the cervical verterae

Answer 35

direct a horizontal central ray to C4

Question 36

what should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 36

elevate the chin

Question 37

what should be done to reduce the magnification caused by the increased object to image distance in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae

Answer 37

use a 72in (183cm) SID

Question 38

what is the recommended size of the collimated field for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae

Answer 38

8x10in (20x24cm)

Question 39

which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely separated

Answer 39

hyperflexion lateral projection

Question 40

which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes depressed and in close approximation

Answer 40

hypertension lateral projection

Question 41

which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with horizontal and perpendicular central ray

Answer 41

lateral

Question 42

how should the central ray be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 42

15-20 degrees cephalad

Question 43

how should the central ray be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column

Answer 43

15-20 degrees caudad

Question 44

which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the inter vertebral foramina

Answer 44

AP axial oblique projection