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BIO 108 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Some organisms are able to convert energy to light which is called?

A

bioluminescence

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2
Q

What is the term for the totality of organisms chemical reactions?

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

True or false: A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product.

A

True

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4
Q

In a metabolic pathway, each step is catalyzed by what?

A

Specific enzyme

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5
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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6
Q

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

A

Cellular respiration

the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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7
Q

What is a anabolic pathway?

A

consume energy to build complex
molecules from simpler ones

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8
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

The synthesis of protein from amino acids

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9
Q

what is energy ?

A

capacity to cause change

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10
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy associated with motion

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11
Q

what is Heat (thermal energy)?

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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12
Q

What is potential energy?

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

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13
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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14
Q

True or false: A diver has more potential energy on a platform than in water

A

true

refer to picture on slides

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15
Q

True or false: A diver has more potential energy in the water than on the platform.

A

false

less potential energy

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16
Q

what is thermodynamics:

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

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17
Q

What is an example of a closed system?

A

liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings

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18
Q

what is an open system?

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

19
Q

Are organisms an open or close system?

20
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamic?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

21
Q

The second law of thermodynamics?

A

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

22
Q

What is entropy a measure of?

A

a measure of disorder or randomness.

23
Q

True or false: according to the second law of thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

24
Q

For a process to occur on its own, without an input of energy, it must increase the entropy of the universe this is called

A

spontaneous

25
Q

Can spontaneous processes without energy input?

A

yes,Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly

26
Q

Entropy (disorder) in an organism and universe’s total entropy will always be increasing T or F

A

Entropy is able to increase or decrease

27
Q

What is a living systems free energy ?

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.

28
Q

In regards to free energy how do you know it is spontaneous?

A

only processes with a negative delta G are spontaneous

28
Q

what is an exergonic reaction in regards to energy?

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

29
Q

What occurs during a endergonic reaction?

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

30
Q

Are cells in equilibrium?

A

Cells are not in equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

refer to picutre on slde

31
Q

what are the three kinds of work cells do?

A

Chemical

Transport

Mechanical

32
Q

How are cells able to manage energy resources?

A

Energy coupling

33
Q

what is energy coupling?

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

34
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

35
Q

what is ATP composed of?

A

ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups.

refer to slide 25

36
Q

When the bond between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail is broken by hydrolysis what is released ?

A

Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken.

37
Q

How does ATP usually drive endergonic reactions?

A

Phosphorylation

38
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

39
Q

How is ATP regenerated

A

regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

40
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

41
Q

Is an enzyme a catalytic protien?

42
Q

A solution of sucrose in sterile water can sit for years at room temperature with no appreciable hydrolysis (∆G = -7 kcal/mol). Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase is an example

A

enzyme-catalyzed reaction

BIO 108 (1 decks)

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