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Biology 108 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

where can cell reproduction function

A

reproduction, growth and development, and repair and renewal

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2
Q

what is chromatin

A

the substance of chromosomes

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3
Q

what is combined with proteins to form chromatin

A

DNA

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4
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from the time it is formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

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5
Q

what consists of interphase and mitosis

A

cell cycle

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6
Q

____ replicates before cell division (mitosis), during the S or sythesis phase of interphase

A

DNA

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7
Q

what does a duplicated chromosome consist of

A

two sister chromatids, joined at the centromere

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8
Q

what are the stages of interphase

A

G1 phase, synthesis, and G2 phase

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9
Q

what happens in G1

A

the cell grows in size and synthesizes

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10
Q

what happens in synthesis

A

DNA in the nucleus is doubled

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11
Q

what happens in G2

A

the cell is preparing to divide

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12
Q

what does cell division consist of

A

mitosis (division of nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)

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13
Q

what is the function of the spindle

A

to help separate sister chromatids in mitosis by attaching to the centromere of a duplicated chromosome and pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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14
Q

what are the four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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15
Q

what happens in prophase

A

the chromatin fibers coil in the nucleus so that the chromosomes become thick enough to be seen individually

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16
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

the centromeres of all the chromosomes line up and the spindle microtubules attach to the sister chromatids

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17
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell as the spindle microtubules shorten

18
Q

what happens in telophase

A

begins when two groups of chromosomes have reached opposite ends of the cell and is the reverse of prophase.

19
Q

what is the cell cycle regulated by

A

a molecular control system that directs the sequential events of the cycle

20
Q

what are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle

A

G1, G2 and M where the cell stops dividing if there was an error to prevent cancer and abnormal cells

21
Q

what is cancer

A

an error in the cell cycle which gets past a checkpoint and divides uncontrollably forming a tumor

22
Q

what are gametes

A

reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

23
Q

what are somatic cells

A

all cells other than reproductive cells

24
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes composing a pair one from the mother and one from the father - they have the same characteristics

25
Q

what are x and y

A

the sex chromosomes that determine an individulas sex

26
Q

what are chromosomes other than x and y called

A

autosomes

27
Q

what are haploid cells

A

n, one set of 23 chromosomes

28
Q

what are diploid cells

A

2n, two sets of 23 chromosomes

29
Q

know that

A

gametes are haploid that are produced during meiosis and they fuse during fertilization producing a diploid zygote

30
Q

what does mitosis and development create

A

a multicellular diploid adult from this zygote

31
Q

where does meiosis occur in males

A

the testes as a part of spermatogenesis (sperm production)

32
Q

where does meiosis occur in femails

A

the ovaries as part of oogenesis (production of eggs)

33
Q

reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid by dividing a diploid parent cell into 4 haploid daughter cells in two consecutive divisions

A

meiosis

34
Q

what are the stages of meiosis I

A

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, and cytokinesis

35
Q

what are the stages of meiosis II

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis

36
Q

what replicated before meiosis I, during the s phase of interphase and doesn’t replicate again before meiosis II

A

DNA

37
Q

what separates homologous chromosomes

A

meiosis I

38
Q

what separates sister chromatids

A

meiosis II

39
Q

compare/contrast mitosis and meiosis

A

MITOSIS Performed by all body cells at some time in their development Produces two daughter cells Includes one nuclear division
MEIOSIS Sperm and egg cells
Produces four daughter cells four nuclei with half the original number of chromosomes of the parent cell Cells are non-identical Crossingover and pairing happen during meiosis I
Resulting cells are identical No pairing of homologous chromosomes, No crossing over

40
Q

what are the three origins of genetic variation among offspring

A

independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and random fertilization

41
Q

what is an advantage of sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation

Biology 108 (5 decks)

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