chapter 8 Flashcards
sanitation
refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste.
It can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Adequate sanitation requires a functioning toilet or covered latrine.
GNI (Gross National Income)
the total value of goods and services a country produces, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
subsistence farming
self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family.
primary production
relying on natural resources such as mining and farming.
extreme poverty
living on less than US $1.90 per day.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
gender equality
when all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities.
urban slums
a settlement or neighbourhood comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions of having a healthy life.
communicable diseases
infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment through air, infected animals, water, food and infected humans.
AIDS
(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
the most advanced stage of HIV infection
HIV
(Human immunodeficiency virus)
an infection that results in the gradual depletion of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections such as malaria, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
non-communicable diseases
conditions that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly. Non-communicable diseases are not spread through the environment and are usually inherited through genetics, or nutritional deficiencies.
double burden of disease
when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as malnutrition and obesity.
discrimination
when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people due to race, religion, gender, identity, and sexual orientation.
globalisation
the process in which boundaries between countries are reduced allowing societies and individuals to act on a global scale.
statelessness
a situation where a person does not have citizenship of any country, giving them no protection of their rights.
asylum seeker
a person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be determined.
non-renewable resources
resources that are not replenished in a short period, once they are used, they are not available for future generations making them unsustainable.
renewable resources
resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period of time. This includes, crops, water, oxygen which are sustainable.
economic sustainability
ensuring that all countries with average incomes are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living for their population.
environmental sustainablility
ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.
human development
creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, sustaining lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices, opportunities to enhance their capabilities
social sustainability
creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.
HDI - Human Development Index
a measurement developed by the United Nations to rank a country’s development through 4 indicators and 3 dimensions. It is a single composite statistic.
greenhouse gases
gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect such as CO2, methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
