chapter 8

Question 1

sanitation

Answer 1

refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste.
It can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Adequate sanitation requires a functioning toilet or covered latrine.

Question 2

GNI (Gross National Income)

Answer 2

the total value of goods and services a country produces, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.

Question 3

subsistence farming

Answer 3

self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family.

Question 4

primary production

Answer 4

relying on natural resources such as mining and farming.

Question 5

extreme poverty

Answer 5

living on less than US $1.90 per day.

Question 6

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Answer 6

a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

Question 7

gender equality

Answer 7

when all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities.

Question 8

urban slums

Answer 8

a settlement or neighbourhood comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions of having a healthy life.

Question 9

communicable diseases

Answer 9

infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment through air, infected animals, water, food and infected humans.

Question 10

AIDS
(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 10

the most advanced stage of HIV infection

Question 11

HIV
(Human immunodeficiency virus)

Answer 11

an infection that results in the gradual depletion of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections such as malaria, pneumonia and tuberculosis.

Question 12

non-communicable diseases

Answer 12

conditions that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly. Non-communicable diseases are not spread through the environment and are usually inherited through genetics, or nutritional deficiencies.

Question 13

double burden of disease

Answer 13

when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as malnutrition and obesity.

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people due to race, religion, gender, identity, and sexual orientation.

Question 15

globalisation

Answer 15

the process in which boundaries between countries are reduced allowing societies and individuals to act on a global scale.

Question 16

statelessness

Answer 16

a situation where a person does not have citizenship of any country, giving them no protection of their rights.

Question 17

asylum seeker

Answer 17

a person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be determined.

Question 18

non-renewable resources

Answer 18

resources that are not replenished in a short period, once they are used, they are not available for future generations making them unsustainable.

Question 19

renewable resources

Answer 19

resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period of time. This includes, crops, water, oxygen which are sustainable.

Question 20

economic sustainability

Answer 20

ensuring that all countries with average incomes are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living for their population.

Question 21

environmental sustainablility

Answer 21

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

Question 22

human development

Answer 22

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, sustaining lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices, opportunities to enhance their capabilities

Question 23

social sustainability

Answer 23

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

Question 24

HDI - Human Development Index

Answer 24

a measurement developed by the United Nations to rank a country’s development through 4 indicators and 3 dimensions. It is a single composite statistic.

Question 25

greenhouse gases

Answer 25

gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect such as CO2, methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

Question 26

sustainability

Answer 26

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.