Chapter 8 Flashcards
Definition: Diabetes mellitus
A disease in which the blood glucose level is too high because of the insufficient production or activity of the hormone insulin
Definition: Type 1 diabetes
A type of diabetes caused by an inability to produce insulin
Definition: Type 2 diabetes
A type of diabetes caused by low insulin or an inability to use insulin
DOES NOT MAKE ENOUGH
Definition: Genetic Engineering
The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material
Eg. Creating human inulin gene by inserting it into bacteria
Why is bacteria a versatile tool?
Since they reproduce quickly and often and are inexpensive to maintain
Definition: Recombinant DNA
A DNA strand that is created using DNA pieces from two or more sources
Steps to genetic recombination
1) Cut out a fragment that contains the desired gene
Definition: Restriction Enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific location in a base sequence; also called restriction endonuclease
-Molecular SCISSORS
Definition: Recognition site
A specific sequence of nucleotides on a DNA strand that restriction enzymes bind to
Definition: Restriction fragment
A fragment that is produced when a DNA strand is cut by a restriction enzyme
What is the two possible outcomes of restriction enzyme
- Blunt ends (straight across)
-Sticky ends ( Zigzag)
Definition: Blunt end
The end that remains after restriction enzyme cut straight across a DNA strand ; a blunt end is more difficult than a sticky end to recombine with another strand
Definition: Sticky end
The end that remains after restriction enzymes cut on a zigzag across a DNA strand; a sticky end of a DNA fragment cant form HB with a complementary sticky end on any other DNA molecule that has been cut by the same enzyme
What is DNA ligase ?
DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins the cut pieces of DNA. A.K.A when the phosphodiester bonds form
Does plasmids or chromosomal DNA replicate?
It is the plasmid DNA that is able to mutate quickly. Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that are found in bacteria.
What are the main enzyme names?
EcoRI
XhoI
HindIII
SmalI
Definition: Competent cell
A cell that is able to take up foreign DNA from its surroundings
Definition: Vector
A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell, for example, a plasmid
Definition: Copy number
The number of plasmids of a specific type within a cell
Definition: host cell
A cell that has taken up a foreign plasmids or virus and has its cellular machinery.to express the foreign DNA
How is DNA replicated from plasmids
- a fragment of a target gene and restriction enzyme from a plasmid, they possess the same complementary end as the linear plasmid
- Will bond together because of the complementary end
-forms a circle
Definition: Cloned gene
An identical copy of an original target gene that can be made by introducing the target gene into a host cell and having it copied
Definition: Restriction Map
A diagram that shows restriction enzyme recognition sites and the distances, measured in base pairs between the sites
Definition: Hybridization probe
A fragment of DNA that is used to detect the presence of complementary nucleotide sequences
