Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: Diabetes mellitus

A

A disease in which the blood glucose level is too high because of the insufficient production or activity of the hormone insulin

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2
Q

Definition: Type 1 diabetes

A

A type of diabetes caused by an inability to produce insulin

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3
Q

Definition: Type 2 diabetes

A

A type of diabetes caused by low insulin or an inability to use insulin
DOES NOT MAKE ENOUGH

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4
Q

Definition: Genetic Engineering

A

The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material
Eg. Creating human inulin gene by inserting it into bacteria

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5
Q

Why is bacteria a versatile tool?

A

Since they reproduce quickly and often and are inexpensive to maintain

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6
Q

Definition: Recombinant DNA

A

A DNA strand that is created using DNA pieces from two or more sources

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7
Q

Steps to genetic recombination

A

1) Cut out a fragment that contains the desired gene

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8
Q

Definition: Restriction Enzyme

A

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific location in a base sequence; also called restriction endonuclease
-Molecular SCISSORS

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9
Q

Definition: Recognition site

A

A specific sequence of nucleotides on a DNA strand that restriction enzymes bind to

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10
Q

Definition: Restriction fragment

A

A fragment that is produced when a DNA strand is cut by a restriction enzyme

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11
Q

What is the two possible outcomes of restriction enzyme

A
  • Blunt ends (straight across)
    -Sticky ends ( Zigzag)
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12
Q

Definition: Blunt end

A

The end that remains after restriction enzyme cut straight across a DNA strand ; a blunt end is more difficult than a sticky end to recombine with another strand

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13
Q

Definition: Sticky end

A

The end that remains after restriction enzymes cut on a zigzag across a DNA strand; a sticky end of a DNA fragment cant form HB with a complementary sticky end on any other DNA molecule that has been cut by the same enzyme

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14
Q

What is DNA ligase ?

A

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins the cut pieces of DNA. A.K.A when the phosphodiester bonds form

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15
Q

Does plasmids or chromosomal DNA replicate?

A

It is the plasmid DNA that is able to mutate quickly. Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that are found in bacteria.

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16
Q

What are the main enzyme names?

A

EcoRI
XhoI
HindIII
SmalI

17
Q

Definition: Competent cell

A

A cell that is able to take up foreign DNA from its surroundings

18
Q

Definition: Vector

A

A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell, for example, a plasmid

19
Q

Definition: Copy number

A

The number of plasmids of a specific type within a cell

20
Q

Definition: host cell

A

A cell that has taken up a foreign plasmids or virus and has its cellular machinery.to express the foreign DNA

21
Q

How is DNA replicated from plasmids

A
  • a fragment of a target gene and restriction enzyme from a plasmid, they possess the same complementary end as the linear plasmid
  • Will bond together because of the complementary end
    -forms a circle
22
Q

Definition: Cloned gene

A

An identical copy of an original target gene that can be made by introducing the target gene into a host cell and having it copied

23
Q

Definition: Restriction Map

A

A diagram that shows restriction enzyme recognition sites and the distances, measured in base pairs between the sites

24
Q

Definition: Hybridization probe

A

A fragment of DNA that is used to detect the presence of complementary nucleotide sequences