Chapter 8

Question 1

Part learning

Answer 1

breaking a list of items into shorter lists

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

interpretation of sensory information

Question 3

phonological loop

Answer 3

part of working memory. a speech - and - sound-related system for holding and rehearsing (refreshing) words and sounds in short-term memory for about 1.5 - 2 seconds

Question 4

priming

Answer 4

activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another

Question 5

procedural knowledge

Answer 5

knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task: “knowing how”

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

long-term memory for how to do things

Question 7

propositional network

Answer 7

set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long-term knowledge is held

Question 8

prototype

Answer 8

a best example or best representative of a catergory

Question 9

reconstruction

Answer 9

recreating information by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge

Question 10

retrieval

Answer 10

process of searching for and finding information in long-term memory

Question 11

rote memorization

Answer 11

remembering information by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the information

Question 12

schemas

Answer 12

basic structures for organizing information; concepts

Question 13

script

Answer 13

schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering pizza

Question 14

self-regulatory knowledge

Answer 14

knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge

Question 15

semantic memory

Answer 15

memory for meaning

Question 16

sensory memory

Answer 16

system that holds sensory information very briefly

Question 17

serial-position effect

Answer 17

the tendency to remember the beginning and the end, but not the middle of a list

Question 18

short-term memory

Answer 18

component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds

Question 19

spreading activation

Answer 19

retrieval of pieces of information based on their relatedness to one another. Remembering one bit of information activates (stimulates) recall of associated information.

Question 20

story grammar

Answer 20

typical structure or organization for a category of stories

Question 21

theory-based

Answer 21

an explanation for concept formation that suggest our classifcations are based on ideas about the world that we create to make sense of things

Question 22

top-down

Answer 22

making sense of information by using context and what we already know about the situation; sometimes called conceptually driven perception

Question 23

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 23

part of working memory. a holding system for visual and spatial information

Question 24

working memory

Answer 24

the brain system that provides temporary holding and processing of information to accomplish complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning; the information that you are focusing on at that given moment.

Question 25

productions

Answer 25

the contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take given certain conditions. Units of knowledge that combine conditions with actions in “if this happens, do that” relationships that often are automatic