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BMSC 200 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are lipids

A

they are a diverse family of compounds that share the defining feature of insolubility in water

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2
Q

how are lipids distinct form other biomolecules

A

-they tend to be lower in molecular weight then other classes of biomolecules
-they form aggregates rather then polymers

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3
Q

what are some biological roles that lipids play

A

-energy storage (fat in animals, oils in plants)
-structural component of membranes
-active roles
-signalling (messengers inside cells, between cells adn between tissues
-enzyme cofactors and vitimans

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4
Q

what is the structure of a fatty acid like

A

-hydrocarbon with carboxylic head
-differ in length and degree of saturation
-usually an even number of C’s (12-24)

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5
Q

how do double bonds within fatty acids effect saturation

A

-saturated (no double bond)
-unsaturated (1 double bond)
-polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds)

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6
Q

what configuration are double bonds usually in and what group are they usually separated by

A

-they are usually in the cis configuration
-double bonds are usually separated by methylene group —CH2—

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7
Q

what can points of variability does the nomenclature of fatty acids address

A

-length
-presents or absence of double bonds
-location of double bonds

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8
Q

how do you use nomenclature to name a fatty acid

A

(# of carbons:# of double bonds, delta^double bond position)

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9
Q

when naming fatty acids what is delta^n and what is the n

A

position of double bond inducated by delta^n
where the n is the lowest numbered carbon involved in double bond

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10
Q

when counting the carbons on a fatty acid chain what is carbon 1

A

the carboxyl group is the carbon 1

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11
Q

how are hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids associated through

A

hydrophobic and van der waals interactions

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12
Q

what chains have the strongest interactions long chains, short chains, double bond, no double bond

A

-long chains have stronger associations than short chains
-saturated chains have stronger associates than unsaturated

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13
Q

what does the melting temp of a fatty acid reflect

A

the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon tails
-the double bond will have agreater influence then the length of the tail on fatty acid association

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14
Q

lipids occupy most of the…

A

intracellular space in adipocytes

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15
Q

what are adipocytes

A

the energy storage cells in animal tissues

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16
Q

what does the storage of fat under the skin provide

A

insulating function for cold weather animals

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17
Q

how are fatty acids used for energy stored as

A

triacylglycerides

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18
Q

what are triacetalglycerides

A

the storage of lipids in animals and plants

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19
Q

how are triacetalglycerides constructed

A

three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkages

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20
Q

what are simple triacetalglycerides made up of and what are complex triacetalglycerides made up of

A

-simple have the same 3 fatty acids at each position
-complex have different fatty acids

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21
Q

in triacetalglycerides removes what to make a more hydrophobic molecule

A

ester linkage removes the polar carboxyl group to make a more hydrophobic molecule

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22
Q

what kind of energy storage do fats represent

A

long term energy storage

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23
Q

how much more energy is there in fats then carbohydrates

A

on a gram per gram basis about 6x as much energy storage

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of fats that makes it such a good long term energy storage

A

-low oxidation state
-low hydration state

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25
Q

what is a low oxidation state good for long term energy storage

A

less oxygenated fuels burn more efficiently; triaceylyglycerols have a lower oxidation state then carbohydrates

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26
Q

why is a low hydration state good for long term energy storage

A

lipids are hydrophobic with limited interaction with water providing a more compact, dehydrated energy storage form

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27
Q

what is saponification

A

the treatment of fats with a strong base which breaks the ester linkages to release free fatty acids

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28
Q

the amphipathic properties of free fatty acids make them effective in…

A

solubilization of hydrophobic substances

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29
Q

how do fatty acids function as detergents and soaps

A

through the formation of micelles that capture hydrophobic molecules

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30
Q

what is a micelle

A

an individual wedge shaped (cross section of a head greater than side chain

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31
Q

what is olestra

A

-it consists of 8 fatty acids linked to a sugar group
-looks and tastes like like fat but passes through the digestive system with out being processed
-offers a low calorie alternative bu there are some side effects

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32
Q

what do waxes serve as

A

energy reserves and water repellents

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33
Q

how are waxes made up

A

they are non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain monohydroxylic alcohols

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34
Q

what is the solubility and melting temp of waxes

A

they are very water insoluble and have high melting temps (60-100 C)

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35
Q

where are waxes often seen in nature

A

as protective waterproof coatings on leaves, fruits, animal skin and fethers

36
Q

what does the membrane bilayer do

A

it defines cells and regulates the composition of intercellular environment

37
Q

what causes the formation of membrane bilayers

A

it is a spontaneous consequence of the properties of the molecule that compose them

38
Q

the lipid component of membranes tend to have simular…

A

over all shapes and properties

39
Q

how can membrane lipids be classified based off of

A

there back bone (glycerol vs sphingosine) or by their polar head groups (phospho vs glyco)

40
Q

what is glycerophospholipids and how are they constructed

A

-most abundent lipids in membranes
-they have a glycerol backbone with a phosphate at the C3 position (glycerol 3-phosphate)
-the phosphate groups is the point of attachment for a verity of polar head groups

41
Q

glycerol-3-phosphate + 2 fatty acids =

A

phosphatidate or diacylglycerol 3-phosphate

42
Q

what is the most abundant lipid in membranes

A

glycerophospholipids

43
Q

what head can glycerophospholipids have and what is the function of them

A

-there is a variety of different ones they can have
-head groups can carry +, -, or neutral charge
-always polar
-different head groups are likely associated with specilized functions

44
Q

phosphate is often limiting to plants how do some plants deal with this

A

-conserve use of phosphate for more critical application (like nucleic acids) some plants use sugar and sulphate polar head groups
-for membrane lipids when it more about the overall p charicteristic they will use the next best thing… sugar or galactolipids

45
Q

plant cells often contain…

A

galactolipids and sulfolipids

46
Q

how are galactolipids constructed

A

one or two galactose groups linked to C3 diacylglycerol

47
Q

what are sulfolipids derived from

A

from sphingosine, a long chain amino alcohol

48
Q

structrally sphingosine is simular to…

A

monoacyl glycerol

49
Q

what is sphingosine constructed of

A

a single fatty acid linked by amide bond to form ceramide

50
Q

structurally ceramide is similar to…

A

diacylglycerol

51
Q

what are galactolipids, sulpholipids and sphingolipids

A

they are types of membrane lipid that dont use phosphate

52
Q

how do cells recognize them self vs not them self

A

based on patterns of surface exposed carbohydrates

53
Q

what happens in the case of a incompatible blood type tranfusion

A

it causes a severe immunological reaction

54
Q

what doe different blood types reflect

A

the different sugar patterns as the head groups of the phingolipids

55
Q

what are archaebacteria (extremophiles)

A

they live under conditions of high temp, pH and ionic strength making it challenging to maintain membrane integrity

56
Q

what do membrane lipids of extremophiles often contain

A

-ester linkages
-branch points
-branch points within the hydrocarbon tails
-membrane spanning hydrocarbon tails composed from a single molecule

57
Q

what are sterols

A

they are structural lipids

58
Q

how are sterols constructed

A

-sterols contain four fused ring steroid nucleus: 3-six carbon rings and a 5-carbon D ring
-ring system is rigid and nearly planer

59
Q

what do sterols serve as

A

precursors for many biologically active products, for example testosterone

60
Q

what does cholesterol serve as

A

-its has a number of critical biological functions such as maintaining membrane fluidity
-it also serves and a precursor of steroid hormones and bile salts

61
Q

how does cholesterol help maintain membrane fluidity

A

as hydrocarbons are moving around they hit the cholesterol molecule which will dampen out there motion

62
Q

what are the passive roles of lipids

A

energy storage and membrane structure

63
Q

what are the active roles of lipids

A

-intracellular signalling molecules
-hormones
-enzyme cofactors
-pigments
-vitamins

64
Q

what do phosphatidylinositols act as

A

intracellular signalling and contributes to over all architecture in the cell

65
Q

what side of the cell will phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate be on

A

the inside

66
Q

for phosphatidylinositols what happens when there is a activation of phospholipase C

A

in responce to an extracellular signal trigger an extra cellular signal triggers the cleavage of head group. and signals to produce inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate witch increases the production of Ca 2+ it binds to ER receptor which activates protein kinase

or

activation of phospholipase C in response to an extra cellular signal triggers the cleavage of head group to produce inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate which increases Ca2+
both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol activate specific intracellular pathways and processes

67
Q

both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol activate…

A

specific intracellular pathways and processes

68
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

-paracrine hormones (that act on cells near point of production
-derivatives of C20 poly unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid)
-there is three classes of eicosinoids

69
Q

what are the 3 classifications of eicosnoids and what is there fuctions

A

-prostaglandins
constriction of blood vessels

-thromboxanes
involved in blood clot formation

-leukotrines
smooth muscle contactions

70
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

-hydrophobic oxidized sterol derivatives
-carried through the blood stream by carrier proteins
-they pass through the plasma membrane to bind receptors in the nucleus
-they alter the pattern of gene expression and metabolism

71
Q

what are the 4 lipid vitamans

A

A,D,E,K

72
Q

what do all the lipid vitamans have in common

A

-they are highly hydrophobic
-they all contain rings and long, aliphatic side chains

73
Q

why do lipid vitamans have more potential for being dangerous

A

because they are not water soluble and are stored in fats and are in the body much longer

74
Q

what does vitamin D do

A

it regulates Ca2+ uptake and deposition

75
Q

how can vitamin D be obtained

A

from the diet or produced endogenously

76
Q

how is vitamin D produce endogenously

A

from a series of reactions one of which requires UV light

77
Q

what are some issues associated with an excess of vitamin D and a deficiency

A

-insufficient vitamin D is assoceated with skeletal defects (rickets)
-excessive vitamin D can cause calcification of soft tissue

78
Q

how do we obtain vitamin A

A

form liver, egg yolks, and milk products

79
Q

why do some animals have sufficient vitamin A in their livers

A

to present danger to humans if they were to consume them

80
Q

what are the 3 forms vitamin A exists in

A

alcohol (retinol), aldehyde, and retinoid acid

81
Q

what is retinal (aldehyde)

A

-it is a light sensitive compound with a role in vision
-“red eye” in photos results form retinal

82
Q

what is vitamin E (a-tocopherol)

A

-a reducing reagent that scavenges oxygen free radicals
-may prevent damage to fatty acids in membranes
-often used as an additive in cosmetics
-deficiency causes scaly skin, muscular weakness and sterility

83
Q

what is vitamin K required for

A

the synthesis of blood coagulation proteins

84
Q

what is warfarin and what is it used for

A

-used as rat poison where it causes rodents to suffer uncontrollable bleeding
-vitamin K analogs (such as warfarin) are now given to individuals who suffer excessive blood clotting

85
Q

like glycerophospholipids a variety of____can be attached to ceramide

A

polar heads

86
Q

what are some common sphingolipids

A

a) sphingomyelins
-phosphocholine
b) cerebrosides
-glycosphingolipids
-single sugar unit
c) gangliosides
-glycosphingolipids
-multiple sugar units

BMSC 200 (10 decks)

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