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Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are lipids

A

they are a diverse family of compounds that share the defining feature of insolubility in water

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2
Q

how are lipids distinct form other biomolecules

A

-they tend to be lower in molecular weight then other classes of biomolecules
-they form aggregates rather then polymers

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3
Q

what are some biological roles that lipids play

A

-energy storage (fat in animals, oils in plants)
-structural component of membranes
-active roles
-signalling (messengers inside cells, between cells adn between tissues
-enzyme cofactors and vitimans

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4
Q

what is the structure of a fatty acid like

A

-hydrocarbon with carboxylic head
-differ in length and degree of saturation
-usually an even number of C’s (12-24)

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5
Q

how do double bonds within fatty acids effect saturation

A

-saturated (no double bond)
-unsaturated (1 double bond)
-polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds)

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6
Q

what configuration are double bonds usually in and what group are they usually separated by

A

-they are usually in the cis configuration
-double bonds are usually separated by methylene group —CH2—

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7
Q

what can points of variability does the nomenclature of fatty acids address

A

-length
-presents or absence of double bonds
-location of double bonds

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8
Q

how do you use nomenclature to name a fatty acid

A

(# of carbons:# of double bonds, delta^double bond position)

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9
Q

when naming fatty acids what is delta^n and what is the n

A

position of double bond inducated by delta^n
where the n is the lowest numbered carbon involved in double bond

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10
Q

when counting the carbons on a fatty acid chain what is carbon 1

A

the carboxyl group is the carbon 1

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11
Q

how are hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids associated through

A

hydrophobic and van der waals interactions

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12
Q

what chains have the strongest interactions long chains, short chains, double bond, no double bond

A

-long chains have stronger associations than short chains
-saturated chains have stronger associates than unsaturated

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13
Q

what does the melting temp of a fatty acid reflect

A

the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon tails
-the double bond will have agreater influence then the length of the tail on fatty acid association

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14
Q

lipids occupy most of the…

A

intracellular space in adipocytes

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15
Q

what are adipocytes

A

the energy storage cells in animal tissues

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16
Q

what does the storage of fat under the skin provide

A

insulating function for cold weather animals

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17
Q

how are fatty acids used for energy stored as

A

triacylglycerides

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18
Q

what are triacetalglycerides

A

the storage of lipids in animals and plants

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19
Q

how are triacetalglycerides constructed

A

three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkages

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20
Q

what are simple triacetalglycerides made up of and what are complex triacetalglycerides made up of

A

-simple have the same 3 fatty acids at each position
-complex have different fatty acids

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21
Q

in triacetalglycerides removes what to make a more hydrophobic molecule

A

ester linkage removes the polar carboxyl group to make a more hydrophobic molecule

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22
Q

what kind of energy storage do fats represent

A

long term energy storage

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23
Q

how much more energy is there in fats then carbohydrates

A

on a gram per gram basis about 6x as much energy storage

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of fats that makes it such a good long term energy storage

A

-low oxidation state
-low hydration state

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25
what is a low oxidation state good for long term energy storage
less oxygenated fuels burn more efficiently; triaceylyglycerols have a lower oxidation state then carbohydrates
26
why is a low hydration state good for long term energy storage
lipids are hydrophobic with limited interaction with water providing a more compact, dehydrated energy storage form
27
what is saponification
the treatment of fats with a strong base which breaks the ester linkages to release free fatty acids
28
the amphipathic properties of free fatty acids make them effective in...
solubilization of hydrophobic substances
29
how do fatty acids function as detergents and soaps
through the formation of micelles that capture hydrophobic molecules
30
what is a micelle
an individual wedge shaped (cross section of a head greater than side chain
31
what is olestra
-it consists of 8 fatty acids linked to a sugar group -looks and tastes like like fat but passes through the digestive system with out being processed -offers a low calorie alternative bu there are some side effects
32
what do waxes serve as
energy reserves and water repellents
33
how are waxes made up
they are non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain monohydroxylic alcohols
34
what is the solubility and melting temp of waxes
they are very water insoluble and have high melting temps (60-100 C)
35
where are waxes often seen in nature
as protective waterproof coatings on leaves, fruits, animal skin and fethers
36
what does the membrane bilayer do
it defines cells and regulates the composition of intercellular environment
37
what causes the formation of membrane bilayers
it is a spontaneous consequence of the properties of the molecule that compose them
38
the lipid component of membranes tend to have simular...
over all shapes and properties
39
how can membrane lipids be classified based off of
there back bone (glycerol vs sphingosine) or by their polar head groups (phospho vs glyco)
40
what is glycerophospholipids and how are they constructed
-most abundent lipids in membranes -they have a glycerol backbone with a phosphate at the C3 position (glycerol 3-phosphate) -the phosphate groups is the point of attachment for a verity of polar head groups
41
glycerol-3-phosphate + 2 fatty acids =
phosphatidate or diacylglycerol 3-phosphate
42
what is the most abundant lipid in membranes
glycerophospholipids
43
what head can glycerophospholipids have and what is the function of them
-there is a variety of different ones they can have -head groups can carry +, -, or neutral charge -always polar -different head groups are likely associated with specilized functions
44
phosphate is often limiting to plants how do some plants deal with this
-conserve use of phosphate for more critical application (like nucleic acids) some plants use sugar and sulphate polar head groups -for membrane lipids when it more about the overall p charicteristic they will use the next best thing... sugar or galactolipids
45
plant cells often contain...
galactolipids and sulfolipids
46
how are galactolipids constructed
one or two galactose groups linked to C3 diacylglycerol
47
what are sulfolipids derived from
from sphingosine, a long chain amino alcohol
48
structrally sphingosine is simular to...
monoacyl glycerol
49
what is sphingosine constructed of
a single fatty acid linked by amide bond to form ceramide
50
structurally ceramide is similar to...
diacylglycerol
51
what are galactolipids, sulpholipids and sphingolipids
they are types of membrane lipid that dont use phosphate
52
how do cells recognize them self vs not them self
based on patterns of surface exposed carbohydrates
53
what happens in the case of a incompatible blood type tranfusion
it causes a severe immunological reaction
54
what doe different blood types reflect
the different sugar patterns as the head groups of the phingolipids
55
what are archaebacteria (extremophiles)
they live under conditions of high temp, pH and ionic strength making it challenging to maintain membrane integrity
56
what do membrane lipids of extremophiles often contain
-ester linkages -branch points -branch points within the hydrocarbon tails -membrane spanning hydrocarbon tails composed from a single molecule
57
what are sterols
they are structural lipids
58
how are sterols constructed
-sterols contain four fused ring steroid nucleus: 3-six carbon rings and a 5-carbon D ring -ring system is rigid and nearly planer
59
what do sterols serve as
precursors for many biologically active products, for example testosterone
60
what does cholesterol serve as
-its has a number of critical biological functions such as maintaining membrane fluidity -it also serves and a precursor of steroid hormones and bile salts
61
how does cholesterol help maintain membrane fluidity
as hydrocarbons are moving around they hit the cholesterol molecule which will dampen out there motion
62
what are the passive roles of lipids
energy storage and membrane structure
63
what are the active roles of lipids
-intracellular signalling molecules -hormones -enzyme cofactors -pigments -vitamins
64
what do phosphatidylinositols act as
intracellular signalling and contributes to over all architecture in the cell
65
what side of the cell will phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate be on
the inside
66
for phosphatidylinositols what happens when there is a activation of phospholipase C
in responce to an extracellular signal trigger an extra cellular signal triggers the cleavage of head group. and signals to produce inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate witch increases the production of Ca 2+ it binds to ER receptor which activates protein kinase or activation of phospholipase C in response to an extra cellular signal triggers the cleavage of head group to produce inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate which increases Ca2+ both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol activate specific intracellular pathways and processes
67
both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol activate...
specific intracellular pathways and processes
68
what are eicosanoids
-paracrine hormones (that act on cells near point of production -derivatives of C20 poly unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid) -there is three classes of eicosinoids
69
what are the 3 classifications of eicosnoids and what is there fuctions
-prostaglandins constriction of blood vessels -thromboxanes involved in blood clot formation -leukotrines smooth muscle contactions
70
what are steroid hormones
-hydrophobic oxidized sterol derivatives -carried through the blood stream by carrier proteins -they pass through the plasma membrane to bind receptors in the nucleus -they alter the pattern of gene expression and metabolism
71
what are the 4 lipid vitamans
A,D,E,K
72
what do all the lipid vitamans have in common
-they are highly hydrophobic -they all contain rings and long, aliphatic side chains
73
why do lipid vitamans have more potential for being dangerous
because they are not water soluble and are stored in fats and are in the body much longer
74
what does vitamin D do
it regulates Ca2+ uptake and deposition
75
how can vitamin D be obtained
from the diet or produced endogenously
76
how is vitamin D produce endogenously
from a series of reactions one of which requires UV light
77
what are some issues associated with an excess of vitamin D and a deficiency
-insufficient vitamin D is assoceated with skeletal defects (rickets) -excessive vitamin D can cause calcification of soft tissue
78
how do we obtain vitamin A
form liver, egg yolks, and milk products
79
why do some animals have sufficient vitamin A in their livers
to present danger to humans if they were to consume them
80
what are the 3 forms vitamin A exists in
alcohol (retinol), aldehyde, and retinoid acid
81
what is retinal (aldehyde)
-it is a light sensitive compound with a role in vision -"red eye" in photos results form retinal
82
what is vitamin E (a-tocopherol)
-a reducing reagent that scavenges oxygen free radicals -may prevent damage to fatty acids in membranes -often used as an additive in cosmetics -deficiency causes scaly skin, muscular weakness and sterility
83
what is vitamin K required for
the synthesis of blood coagulation proteins
84
what is warfarin and what is it used for
-used as rat poison where it causes rodents to suffer uncontrollable bleeding -vitamin K analogs (such as warfarin) are now given to individuals who suffer excessive blood clotting
85
like glycerophospholipids a variety of____can be attached to ceramide
polar heads
86
what are some common sphingolipids
a) sphingomyelins -phosphocholine b) cerebrosides -glycosphingolipids -single sugar unit c) gangliosides -glycosphingolipids -multiple sugar units

BMSC 200 (10 decks)

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