Chapter 8 Flashcards
What’s semantic/general knowlege?
General world knowlege (washing your hair for example)
B
What is hierarchal semantic network model?
Netlike organization of concepts (concept nodes connected by links)
What are predictions of hierarchical semantic network model?
Reaction time increase with semantic distance (level in heirarchy)
The closer a fact is store to a node, the less time it takes to verify
What are conflicting evidence of hierarchical semantic network model?
There is a problem of cognitive economy (ex a shark can move, a fish can move, an animal can move)
There is a problem in hierarchy
(Ex a pig is an animal, a pic is a mammal)
And a problem in typicality effect (ex a Robin is a bird, a Turkey is a bird)
What are the models of semantic/general knowlege?
Hierarchical semantic network model, and spreading activation theory
What is spreading activation theory?
Is it an elaboration of the hierarchical semantic network model stating that activation spreads out to related nodes, it is not hierarchical
What is an example of spreading activation theory?
When a person reads “bread”, they activate semantic nodes and begin thinking of “butter”
Who found priming effect?
Meyer & shvaneveldt originally found it
What are concepts?
Concepts are mental representation of some objects, events, or pattern. It helps us establish order in our knowlege base
(Ex: when thinking of dog you think of 4 legged animal, that has a tail, a common rep as a man’s best friend, and is a common pet)
What is categorization?
Class of similar things (objects or entities). It helps us make predictions and act accordingly.
What are the model
Yo mama
What is classical view?
Rule based categories. Have precise definitions and features (rather than examples)
What is Bruner er al?
Where participants figure out a concept the experimenter has in mind
What are the strategies to bruner et ai?
Simultaneous scanning(several hypotheses at once), successive scanning(testing ideas one at a time), and conservative focusing(finding a card of the concept and choosing to test the other based on the one card).
What strategy is most successful in Bruner at ai?
Conservative focusing is often most successful
What are the problems with classical view?
Typical vs. atypical examples
Chair-furniture? Yes- typical
Bookend-furniture? No-atypical
It is hard to generate lists of features that individually are apart of a category, but don’t really relate
What is the prototype view?
People categorize objects based on how similar an object is to the example
What is the family resemblance structure of concepts?
When a person shares features with other members, it explain typicality
More features means a stronger resemblance-typical
Few features means a weak resemblance- atypical
What is rosch and Mervis?
They had people lost characteristics of objects from superordinate categories such as
Object: chair, car, orange, shirt, gun, peas
Superordinate categories: furniture, vehicle, fruit, clothing, weapon, vegetable
What we’re results of rosch and mervis?
Objects sharing many features with superordinate were better example of the category but did not work for all objects
What does the prototype view explain?
People categorizing objects based on how similar to the example
What are the problems with prototype view?
Some problems are it does not show how to define conceptual boundaries (doesn’t specify clear constraints or boundaries), fsmily resemblance depends on context (there is no certain level of typicality), and typicality rating for well defined categories (ex: odd number 3(typical), vs 57 (atypical)
What is the exemplar view?
Individual instances are stored rather and rule or prototype
People typically categorize new things by comparing them to previously stored instances
