Chapter #8 Flashcards
an inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli
ex. sneezing, goosebumps, and automatic kick when the knee is tapped.
Reflexes
Referred to as fixed action patterns, inborn behaviors
-Lack of dependence on experience, but require more brain power.
ex. yawning, blinking, mating, behaviors, migration patterns.
Instincts
Relatively permanent change in behavior or capacity for behavior
Learning
we form associations, connections among stimuli, behavior or both
associative learning
A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
ex. a bell signals the end of class or presence of food; a bee signals the pain of getting stung.
classical conditioning
-associate behaviors with consequences
ex. study hard results in good grades; pressing a lever results in food reward
operant conditioning
learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus
non-associative learning
simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease(we get used to it)
habitation
increase reactions to many stimulus exposure to one strong stimulus (we become more sensitive to stimuli)
Sensitization
- also called social learning or modeling
- learning by watching others
-can be positive or negative
example includes learning to use a tool, learning a dance
observational learning
something must be learned (sound of a whistle)
conditioned
reflexive to occur without learning (salvation in response to food)
unconditioned
development of a condition response. Requires continuity or proximity conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
acquisition
stimulus that automatically elicits response without prior conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
innate response to unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response due to its association with an unconditioned.
ex. a whistle or bell)
conditioned stimulus
Learned response to a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response
ex. salivation to bell)
conditioned response
the reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (ucs) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.
extinction
during extinction training, the appearance of conditioned responses (crs) after periods of rest.
- tends to be short lived.
spontaneous recovery
the tendency to respond to stimulus that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (cs)
- Bad experience with 1 test produces anxiety for all tests
Generalization
A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (cs) predicts the nonoccurence of an unconditioned stimulus.
light —> shock= fear, but light + sound—-> no shock = no fear
inhibition
a learned activity to distinguish between stimuli
- only anxious when taking math test, not all tests
Discrimination
occurs when stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus (cs) gain the ability to elicit conditioned responses (crs) on their own
- Aversions to food and animals when faced with stimuli that signal their presence
higher order conditioning
Slower learning occurs when we are familiar with the conditioned stimulus
- getting sick after eating pizza but not attributing the sickness to the pizza right away
latent inhibition
replacing unwanted (CR:fear) with wanted response (coined by psychologist Mary cover jones)
counter conditioning
An application of counter conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (cs) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus (ucs) is instead paired with an unpleasant (ucs)
- adding a compound to tobacco to make it taste terribly
Aversion Therapy
A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear
-being exposed to a spider after meditating
systematic desensitization
the tendency of an organism to produce a behavior depends on the effect the behavior has on the environment
-puzzle box
-Skinner box
Law of Effect (Thorndike)
can be primary food or secondary (money) increases likelihood of behavior
positive reinforcement
reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued.
conditioned reinforcer
a method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence
-taking an Advil to reduce headaches, attending class so you don’t loose points
Negative enforcement
eliminates or reduces the frequency of behavior by implementing an aversive stimulus
-rat stops pressing food if each press results in an electrical shock; child stops curing if yelled at or spanked every time they do
positive punishment
eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior
punishment
reduces behavior by removing something desirable
- food is not available unless bar is pushed; taking away tv privileges until chores are done
negative punishment
the reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others
Partial reinforcements
a schedule of reinforcements in which reinforcements occurs following a set number of behaviors
fixed ration schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcements occurs following some variable number of behaviors
variable-ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval of time is reinforcement
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a verifying period in reinforced
variable-interval schedule
biological limitations on what animals can be conditioned to do for a reward
-instinctive behaviors in animals can interfere with training (ex. rooting in pigs)
biological influences
human learning, token economies, behavior therapy
social influences
an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchange for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors
token economy
copying behavior unlikely to occur naturally
imitations
models that get our attention are more likely to elicit imitation
- parent, teacher, or trusted friend
attention
must retain a memory of what the model did
retain
Must retain a memory of what the model did
Reproduce
must be sufficient motivation imitate the behavior
motivation
