Chapter #8

Question 1

an inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli

ex. sneezing, goosebumps, and automatic kick when the knee is tapped.

Answer 1

Reflexes

Question 2

Referred to as fixed action patterns, inborn behaviors

-Lack of dependence on experience, but require more brain power.

ex. yawning, blinking, mating, behaviors, migration patterns.

Answer 2

Instincts

Question 3

Relatively permanent change in behavior or capacity for behavior

Answer 3

Learning

Question 4

we form associations, connections among stimuli, behavior or both

Answer 4

associative learning

Question 5

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

ex. a bell signals the end of class or presence of food; a bee signals the pain of getting stung.

Answer 5

classical conditioning

Question 6

-associate behaviors with consequences

ex. study hard results in good grades; pressing a lever results in food reward

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus

Answer 7

non-associative learning

Question 8

simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease(we get used to it)

Answer 8

habitation

Question 9

increase reactions to many stimulus exposure to one strong stimulus (we become more sensitive to stimuli)

Answer 9

Sensitization

Question 10

• also called social learning or modeling
• learning by watching others

-can be positive or negative

example includes learning to use a tool, learning a dance

Answer 10

observational learning

Question 11

something must be learned (sound of a whistle)

Answer 11

conditioned

Question 12

reflexive to occur without learning (salvation in response to food)

Answer 12

unconditioned

Question 13

development of a condition response. Requires continuity or proximity conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Answer 13

acquisition

Question 14

stimulus that automatically elicits response without prior conditioning

Answer 14

unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

innate response to unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

unconditioned response

Question 16

previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response due to its association with an unconditioned.

ex. a whistle or bell)

Answer 16

conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Learned response to a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response

ex. salivation to bell)

Answer 17

conditioned response

Question 18

the reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (ucs) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 18

extinction

Question 19

during extinction training, the appearance of conditioned responses (crs) after periods of rest.

• tends to be short lived.

Answer 19

spontaneous recovery

Question 20

the tendency to respond to stimulus that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (cs)

• Bad experience with 1 test produces anxiety for all tests

Answer 20

Generalization

Question 21

A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (cs) predicts the nonoccurence of an unconditioned stimulus.

light —> shock= fear, but light + sound—-> no shock = no fear

Answer 21

inhibition

Question 22

a learned activity to distinguish between stimuli

• only anxious when taking math test, not all tests

Answer 22

Discrimination

Question 23

occurs when stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus (cs) gain the ability to elicit conditioned responses (crs) on their own

• Aversions to food and animals when faced with stimuli that signal their presence

Answer 23

higher order conditioning

Question 24

Slower learning occurs when we are familiar with the conditioned stimulus

• getting sick after eating pizza but not attributing the sickness to the pizza right away

Answer 24

latent inhibition

Question 25

replacing unwanted (CR:fear) with wanted response (coined by psychologist Mary cover jones)

Answer 25

counter conditioning

Question 26

An application of counter conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (cs) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus (ucs) is instead paired with an unpleasant (ucs)

• adding a compound to tobacco to make it taste terribly

Answer 26

Aversion Therapy

Question 27

A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear

-being exposed to a spider after meditating

Answer 27

systematic desensitization

Question 28

the tendency of an organism to produce a behavior depends on the effect the behavior has on the environment

-puzzle box

-Skinner box

Answer 28

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Question 29

can be primary food or secondary (money) increases likelihood of behavior

Answer 29

positive reinforcement

Question 30

reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued.

Answer 30

conditioned reinforcer

Question 31

a method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

-taking an Advil to reduce headaches, attending class so you don’t loose points

Answer 31

Negative enforcement

Question 32

eliminates or reduces the frequency of behavior by implementing an aversive stimulus

-rat stops pressing food if each press results in an electrical shock; child stops curing if yelled at or spanked every time they do

Answer 32

positive punishment

Question 33

eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior

Answer 33

punishment

Question 34

reduces behavior by removing something desirable

• food is not available unless bar is pushed; taking away tv privileges until chores are done

Answer 34

negative punishment

Question 35

the reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others

Answer 35

Partial reinforcements

Question 36

a schedule of reinforcements in which reinforcements occurs following a set number of behaviors

Answer 36

fixed ration schedule

Question 37

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcements occurs following some variable number of behaviors

Answer 37

variable-ratio schedule

Question 38

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval of time is reinforcement

Answer 38

fixed interval schedule

Question 39

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a verifying period in reinforced

Answer 39

variable-interval schedule

Question 40

biological limitations on what animals can be conditioned to do for a reward

-instinctive behaviors in animals can interfere with training (ex. rooting in pigs)

Answer 40

biological influences

Question 41

human learning, token economies, behavior therapy

Answer 41

social influences

Question 42

an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchange for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors

Answer 42

token economy

Question 43

copying behavior unlikely to occur naturally

Answer 43

imitations

Question 44

models that get our attention are more likely to elicit imitation

• parent, teacher, or trusted friend

Answer 44

attention

Question 45

must retain a memory of what the model did

Answer 45

retain

Question 46

Must retain a memory of what the model did

Answer 46

Reproduce

Question 47

must be sufficient motivation imitate the behavior

Answer 47

motivation