Chapter 8

Question 1

The degree to which two measured variables are related

Answer 1

Bivariate Correlation

Question 2

What kind of graphs do we use for correlations

Answer 2

Scatterplot

Question 3

What does the +/- sign indicate about a correlation

Answer 3

the direction

Question 4

What does the number indicate about a correlation

Answer 4

the strength of the correlation

Question 5

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Answer 5

only used when looking at 2 variables
only goes -1/1
r-values determine strength

Question 6

Confidence Intervals

Answer 6

tells us the precision of estimate of statistical significance
if it includes zero it is not significant

Question 7

What factors distort correlations?

Answer 7

restricted range
curvilinear relationships
outliers

Question 8

introduce erroneous variability/ “noisy data”

Answer 8

unreliable measures

Question 9

a variable that, depending on size, effects the correlational relationship

Answer 9

moderator

Question 10

temporal precedence highlights what problem

Answer 10

directionality problem
what causes what

Question 11

Criteria for causation with bivariate correlations

Answer 11

builds a case for causing using multivariate techniques

Question 12

plausible 3rd variable

Answer 12

third variable problem

Question 13

more than 2 measured variables

Answer 13

multivariate technique

Question 14

What are the 2 ways to build causation using multivariate techniques

Answer 14

multiple regression analysis
pattern and parimosity approach

Question 15

allows us to rule out alternative explanations and increases internal variability

Answer 15

multiple regression

Question 16

Criterion Variable

Answer 16

the dependent variable
most interested in
first variable in a regression table

Question 17

Predictor Variable

Answer 17

in

Question 18

Pattern and Parimosity

Answer 18

researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in the same causal direction

Question 19

look at the pattern of results across a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single causal direction

Answer 19

pattern

Question 20

we aim for the simplest explanation of pattern of data