Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

Transforms matter and energy (subject to the law of thermodynamics)

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways are diverse with respect to

A
  • the length of the pathway
  • the organization of the pathway
  • how the pathway is regulated
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3
Q

Isolated System

A

Unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings

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4
Q

Open System

A

Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
-Ex: Organisms

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5
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

  • Relates to the amount of energy in the universe
  • Ex: Chemical energy in food
  • Harness PE to do work
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6
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

During every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost in the form of heat

  • Reveals efficiency of an energy transformation (does not occur with 100% efficiency)
  • Heat (KE)= can be harnessed to do work but only when there is a heat gradient (NOT in cells)
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7
Q

Enzyme Class: Oxidoreductase

other names: Oxidase, Reductase, Dehydrogenase

A

Reaction Type: Electron Transfer

-Catalyzes reaction where 1 molecule is oxidized and the other is reduced

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8
Q

Enzyme Class: Transferase

A

Reaction Type: Transfers functional groups from one molecule to another
(ex: taking terminal phosphate from ATP and tranferring it to a portion of a protein, which is the sodium potassium pump)

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9
Q

Enzyme Class: Hydrolases

A

Reaction Type: Hydrolysis of one molecule into more than one molecule

  • Catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage
  • Found within lysosome
  • Perform optimally in acidic environments
  • Can be used to break covalent bonds
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10
Q

Enzyme Class: Lyase

A

Reaction Type: Removal/addition of a group into a molecule

-Removal/Addition rather than transport –> used to create modified molecule

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11
Q

Enzyme Class: Isomerase

A

Reaction Type: Movement of functional group within a molecule

  • Related to isomers
  • Catalyze arrangement of bonds within a single molecule
  • Used to move functional groups within a molecule, rather than one molecule to another
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12
Q

Enzyme Class: Ligase

A

Reaction Type: Joins two molecules together

- Energy dependent process
ex: extend 2 DNA molecules together through phosphodiesther bonds

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13
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein enzyme helpers

  • May be inorganic (metal in ionic form) or organic (vitamins)
  • Coenzyme= organic cofactor
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14
Q

Q) All of the following are ways to regulate an enzyme except:
A. Dephosphorylation by a phosphatase
B. The binding of a substrate
C. Allosteric activation
D. Addition of a phosphate group
E. All of the above are mechanisms for regulation

A

A) E. All of the above are mechanisms for regulation

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15
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A
  • Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

- Generate energy by breaking down larger molecules

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16
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A
  • Taking blocks and building larger, more complex molecules

- Require energy to synthesize larger molecules

17
Q

Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways

A

Required for maintaining the cell’s energy balance