Chapter 8, 10, & 11 Flashcards
Malnourished
Diet lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbs, etc.
Undernutrition
Not consuming enough calories
Over nutrition
Too many calories in a diet
Largest component in diet
Grains
Second largest part of diet
Meat
USA’s two largest crop and use
Corn and soybeans
Animal feed
More food in future?
More people too
Positive feedback system
Norman Borlaug
First to create a GMO with grain in the 1940s
Water logging
Soil remained under water for prolonged time
Impairs root growth because lack of oxygen
Salinization
Salts in irrigation water builds on the soil surface
Mono cropping
Large amounts of a single crop and all of it is harvested at once and soil is subject to erosion
Resistance
Pest population may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time
Pesticide treadmill
The cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance and development of a new pesticide
Broad spectrum pesticides
Designed to kill many different types of pests
Selective pesticides
Designed to kill a narrow range of organisms
GMO effects (2)
Effects biodiversity of crop
Safety for human consumption
Conventional agriculture
Industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used
Shifting agriculture
Using area with nutrient poor soil and cycling through different plots over several years
Desertification
When soil is degraded to a point of no repair
Intercropping
2 or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time
Crop rotation
Rotating crop species from season to season
Agroforestry
Intercropping trees with vegetables
Contour plowing
Plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion
No till agriculture
Helps stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in fields after harvesting
Integrated pest management
Using a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs
CAFOs concentrated animal feeding operations
Large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers
Fishery collapse
Decline of 90% or more
By catch
Unintentional catch of non target species like sharks or turtles
Dredging
Using large nets
Damages ocean bottom habitats
Aquaculture
Farming or aquatic organisms
Persistent pesticides
Remain in environment for a long time
Non-persistent pesticides
Breaks down relatively rapidly (weeks to months)
Chapter 8 example
Sustainability of hybrid vehicles
When earth was formed
4.6 billion yrs ago
Core
Innermost zone of planet made of nickel and iron
Inner core solid while outer core liquid– gives us magnetic field
Mantle
2nd most inner layer
Contains magma– convection currents driving plate tectonics
Crust
Outermost layer of planet
Contains basement rock for ocean and continents
Lithosphere
Crust and solid upper mantle
Continental crust
Mostly granitic, lighter than ocean crust made of mostly si and o
Oceanic crust
Mostly basaltic made of fe and mg
Sub ducts beneath continental crust
Hotspots
Where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Earths lithosphere is divided into plates most of which are in constant motion
Divergent plate boundaries
Plates moving apart
Convergent plate boundaries
Plates moving toward one another and colliding
Transform fault boundaries
Plates move sideways past each other
Fault zone
Large expanses of rock where movement has occurred
Epicenter
The exact point of the surface of Earth directly above the location where a rock ruptures
Richter scale
Measure of ground movement during earthquake
Scale increases by a factor of ten
Igneous rock
Forms directly from magma
Intrusive igneous
Forms within earth as magma cools
Extrusive igneous
Forms when magma cools at Earth’s surface
Sedimentary rock
Forms when sediment such as mud sand or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
Metamorphic rocks
Forms when sedimentary igneous or other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
Physical weathering
Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
Chemical weathering
Breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions
Erosion
Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape
Wind water ice and organisms can erode
Deposition
Accumulation of eroded material such as sediment rock fragments or soil
Chapter 10 example
Tree sitter against maxxam
Tragedy of the Commons
Tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self interest for short term gain
Externalities
Cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in purchase price of product or service
Maximum sustainable yield
The max. Amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising its future availability
rangeland
Dry open grasslands primarily used for cattle grazing
Clear cutting
Removing all trees
Selective cutting
Removing small numbers of trees from a forest
National environmental policy act
Mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or permits
Environmental impact statement
Outlines the scope and purpose of the project
Environmental mitigation plan
Outlines how the developer will address concerns raised by the projects impact in the environment
Suburban
Areas surrounding metropolitan centers with low population densities
Exurban
Similar to suburban areas, but are not connected to any central city or densely populated area
Urban sprawl
The creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas
4 concerns with urban sprawl
Highway construction
Living costs
Urban blight
Government policies
Zoning
Planning too, to create quieter and safer communities
Smart growth
Mixed land uses
Chapter 11 example
Sustainable farmer
Where is an intraplate hotspot occurring?
Hawaii
What is the cause of tsunamis?
Sub oceanic earthquakes caused by plate activity rupture
Sand size
.05-2 mm
Silt size
.002-.05 mm
Clay size
<.002 mm
0 horizon
Organic layer
A horizon
Topsoil
B horizon
Subsoil
C horizon
Parent material
Porosity
How quickly soil drains depending on texture
Base saturation
The proportion of bases to acids in the soil
Bases grow plants better
Cation exchange capacity
The ability for soil to absorb and release cations
Positively charged mineral ions
Strip mining
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
Open pit mining
The creation of a large pit that is visible to the surface
Mountain top removal
Removing the entire top of mountain with explosives
Placer mining
Looking for metal and stones in river sediments
Subsurface mining
Going below 100 meters to mine
Mining control act
Surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977
Specific integrated pest management strategies
Create habitat for predators
Pest resistant crop varieties
Intercropping
Limited use of pesticides
