Chapter 74 - Guyton

Question 1

Endocrine communication

Answer 1

cell–>hormone–>blood–>target cell

Question 2

Neuroendocrine communication

Answer 2

neuron–>hormone–>blood–>target cell

Question 3

Paracrine communication

Answer 3

cell–>hormone–>interstitial fluid–>target cell

Question 4

Autocrine communication

Answer 4

cell–>hormone–>interstitial fluid–>back to SAME cell

Question 5

Classes of hormones

Answer 5

peptide/protein, steroid, amine

Question 6

Hypothalamus hormones (protein)

Answer 6

TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, Somatostatin

Question 7

Anterior pituitary hormones (protein)

Answer 7

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH

Question 8

Posterior pituitary hormones (protein)

Answer 8

oxytocin, ADH

Question 9

Thyroid hormone (protein)

Answer 9

calcitonin

Question 10

Pancreas hormones (protein)

Answer 10

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 11

Liver hormone (protein)

Answer 11

somatomedin C (IGF-1)

Question 12

Parathyroid hormone (protein)

Answer 12

PTH

Question 13

Placenta hormone (protein)

Answer 13

HCG, HCS or HPL

Question 14

Kidney hormone (protein)

Answer 14

renin

Question 15

Heart hormone (protein)

Answer 15

ANP

Question 16

GI tract (protein)

Answer 16

gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP, somatostatin, GLP-1

Question 17

Adipocyte hormone (protein)

Answer 17

leptin

Question 18

Synthesis and secretion of peptide hormones

Answer 18

nucleus–>DNA–>transcription–>mRNA–>translation–>ER–>Golgi apparatus–>secretory vesicles–>ECF (stimulated by Ca++ and cAMP)

Question 19

After a hormone binds with a receptor, communication with the cell can continue via a second messenger such as?

Answer 19

cAMP, phospholipid

Question 20

Insulin stimulates which processes?

Answer 20

glucose transport, fat synthesis, growth and gene expression, protein synthesis, glucose synthesis (insulin receptor substrates - phosphorylation of enzymes)

Question 21

The most common second messenger system?

Answer 21

cAMP (then in order phospholipid, tyrosine kinase/cytokine, cGMP)

Question 22

Protein hormones have little protein binding and a short plasma half life which results in a large/small insulin response to a small sugar intake.

Answer 22

large

Question 23

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 23

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

Question 24

Testes hormone

Answer 24

testosterone

Question 25

Ovaries hormones

Answer 25

estrogen, progesterone (also produced from corpus luteum and placenta)

Question 26

Kidney hormone (steroid)

Answer 26

1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 27

Hypothalamus hormone (amine)

Answer 27

dopamine

Question 28

Thyroid hormone (amine)

Answer 28

T3, T4

Question 29

Adrenal medulla hormone (amine)

Answer 29

EPI, NE

Question 30

Synthesis of Amine Hormones

Answer 30

tyrosine-->L-dopa-->dopamine-->NE-->EPI (or tyrosine-->thyroid hormones)

Question 31

T/F The majority of thyroid hormones are bound by proteins and thus have a longer plasma half life.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Causes of decreased endocrine function.

Answer 32

autoimmune disease, infection, mutation, enzyme defects, nutritional deficiency, hemorrhage

Question 33

Causes of increased endocrine function.

Answer 33

neoplastic, autoimmune, iatrogenic, infection, receptor mutation