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Nutrition 280 > Chapter 7 - Vitamins (Day 1 - 11.5.15) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Vitamins (Day 1 - 11.5.15) Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin (defined)

A

“essential” nutrients; organic compounds; needed in small amounts

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2
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins B and C

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3
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, and K

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4
Q

solubility of vitamins determines how they are… (4 actions)

A

absorbed, transported, excreted, and stored in the body

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5
Q

where are vitamins found?

A

in ALL food groups, including oils

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6
Q

which food groups lack B12?

A

grains, fruits, and vegetables

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7
Q

which food groups lack vitamin C?

A

grains, dairy, and protein

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8
Q

what is another source of vitamins?

A

vitamin fortification

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9
Q

examples of government mandated vitamin fortification

A

B vitamins and iron added to grains; vitamin D added to milk

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10
Q

why fortify foods?

A

prevent nutrient deficiencies and promote health

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11
Q

concern with voluntary fortification (not government mandated)

A

risk for exceeding ULs –> adverse health effects and nutrient toxicities

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12
Q

what can cause nutrient losses in foods when they are processed, prepared, and stored? (7 variables)

A

heat, light, oxygen, passage of time, food processing, cooking, storage

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13
Q

fresh vs canned vs frozen

A

fresh- less nutrients b/c travels in trucks, in stores, on shelves, then sits in fridge
canned- high temps used in canning reduce nutrient content, but are cheaper and last longer
frozen- often frozen in the field to minimize nutrient loss –> may supply more vitamins than fresh

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14
Q

what helps release vitamins from food ( 2 actions)

A

mechanical digestion in the mouth (“chewing”), and chemical digestion in the stomach (some) but more in the small intestine (pancreatic digestion enzymes)

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15
Q

where does vitamin absorption occur?

A

mainly in the small intestine, but a small amount of niacin is absorbed in the stomach

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16
Q

how do some water-soluble vitamins get absorbed? (2 ways)

A

transport system (energy needed) OR they bind to a specific molecule

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17
Q

what happens after water soluble vitamins are absorbed?

A

they are able to go directly into the bloodstream with most being bound to blood proteins for transport to the cell

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18
Q

micelle

A

a particle that is formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile

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19
Q

composition of micelle

A

free fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins surrounded by bile

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20
Q

purpose of micelle

A

facilitates the absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins

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21
Q

chylomicrons

A

a lipoprotein comprised id newly reassembled TGs, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins that are packaged with phospholipids and protein

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22
Q

purpose of chylomicrons

A

transport fats and fat soluble vitamins out of mucosal cells

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23
Q

how do chylomicrons leave the mucosal cells? why this route?

A

leave via the lymph –> blood stream –> deliver TGs to cells in the body b/c too big

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24
Q

large intestine

A

bacteria can make a small amount of some vitamins, some of which are absorbed

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25
bioavailability
extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient
26
vitamin bioavailability is influenced by the following (3 variables)
composition of the diet, condition of the GI tract, overall health of the body
27
examples of impaired absorption
diet very low in fat --> impair fat-soluble vitamin absorption low concentrations of blood proteins --> impair water-soluble vitamin absorption
28
provitamin/vitamin precursor
compound in its inactive form that is converted to active form once in the body
29
coenzyme
organic non-protein substance that binds to an enzyme to promote the activity of the enzyme with which it is bound
30
enzymes that require coenzymes are...
considered incomplete; binding of coenzyme --> "active" enzyme
31
ALL of WHICH type of vitamin acts as coenzymes (NEED TO KNOW)
B vitamin
32
antioxidant
substance that decreases the adverse effects of reactive molecules on normal physiological function. they protect against oxidative damage
33
oxidative damage
damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function
34
free radical
type of highly reactive atom or molecule that causes oxidative damage
35
what is the significance of antioxidants donating electrons?
the electrons stabilize the free radical, causing it to no longer be "reactive"
36
which vitamins are antioxidants? (3 vitamins)
vitamin C, vitamin E, and provitamin A
37
vitamin content on food labels
- currently required to list amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C as a % DV - if proposal goes through, those two will be replaced with vitamin D and Potassium
38
what is considered an "excellent source" for vitamins
20% or more of DV
39
what is considered a "good source" for vitamins
between 10% and 19% of DV
40
what is considered a "poor source" for vitamins
5% or less of DV
41
general water-soluble vitamin (vitamins B&C) info
- easily absorbed - not stored in the body to any large extent --> excess is excreted in the urine - they have to be consumed regularly - toxicity is not an issue if they are obtained from foods, but toxic levels can occur with supplementation
42
B vitamins
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B6, B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid Tender Romance Never Fails with 6 or 12 Beautiful Pearls
43
every B vitamin is part of what???
ONE OR MORE COENZYMES
44
B vitamins are directly involved with transferring the *blank* from CHO, fat, and protein to *blank*
energy; ATP
45
what do B vitamins NOT provide us with?
energy
46
a deficiency of ANY B vitamin would...
effect EVERY cell in the body
47
thiamin
part of a coenzyme needed in energy metabolism
48
thiamin helps provide energy by aiding in the breakdown of...
glucose
49
thiamin is needed to convert pyruvate to...
Acetyl Co-A (ACoA)
50
how thiamin aids nerve function
thiamin occupies a specific site on nerve cell membranes; hence, it is available to breakdown any needed glucose, which is the energy source for nerve cells
51
thiamin is needed for the synthesis of...
neurotransmitters
52
thiamin is needed in the metabolism of...(2 answers)
other sugars and certain amino acids
53
thiamin is required for the synthesis of...(2 sugars)
ribose and deoxyribose
54
Beriberi (NEED TO KNOW)
thiamin deficiency disease --> marked by inflammatory or degenerative changes of the nerves, digestive system, and the heart. without thiamin, glucose can't be used normally, nerve impulses cannot be transmitted normally
55
symptoms of Beriberi
loss of sensation in the hands and feet; edema; muscle weakness and poor coordination; advancing paralysis; poor short-term memory and confusion; and changes to the heart (enlargement and possibly heart failure)
56
riboflavin
a part of two coenzymes; acts as an electron carrier functioning in reactions needed to produce ATP from CHO, fat, and protein
57
involved (directly or indirectly) with converting some vitamins into which form? (examples: folate, niacin, B6, and vitamin K)
their active form
58
occurrence of riboflavin deficiencies
rarely occur, but when it does, it is usually in conjunction with another vitamin B deficiency
59
symptoms of riboflavin deficiency (4 symptoms)
- cheilosis - cracking and redness of the lips and corners of the mouth - flaking of the skin around the nose, eyebrows and earlobes - glossitis - inflammation of the tongue (red&swollen) - the eyes are affected - increased sensitivity to light; burning; tearing; and itching of eyes
60
niacin
a part of two coenzymes that are involved in metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcohol as well as the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol
61
niacin can be made in the body from...
tryptophan, an essential amino acid
62
niacin equivalents (NE)
a measure that accounts for the availability of tryptophan
63
where is tryptophan abundant?
in most proteins. diet sufficient in high quality protein --> lots of niacin
64
Pellagra (NEED TO KNOW)
a niacin deficiency disease --> early symptoms are fatigue, decreased appetite, and indigestion
65
symptoms of Pellagra (4 D's)
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
66
who is at risk of developing pellagra?
poorly nourished and alcoholics
67
toxicity of niacin --> niacin flush
tingling, burning, and itching sensation of the skin caused by dilation of capillaries under the skin

Nutrition 280 (2 decks)

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