Chapter 7 urology And Nephrology Flashcards
Urinary System
Performs a number of vital functions, maintains blood volume and the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and PH(acid-base balance). It ensures that key substances such as glucose remain in the bloodstream, yet it also removes a variety of toxic wastes from the blood
Urine
The body eliminates water and other substances removed from blood in the form of this. The kidneys regulation of water and other important substances in blood is an example of homeostasis, the body’s ability to maintain an appropriate internal environmental despite changing conditions.
Urea
The liver cells convert the ammonia into this where the kidneys remove it efficiently from the blood and pass it into the urine.
Genitourinary System
Often used with men, the urinary and reproductive systems proximity In women and their shared structures in men are due to the common embryonic origin of their tissues.
Nephrology
The medical specialty devoted to kidney disorders.
Urology
The surgical specialty devoted to care of the entire urinary system in women and the genitourinary system in men.
Renal
Refers to conditions primarily affecting the kidneys
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Noncancerous enlargement of the prostrate gland, affects about 60 percent of men by age 50 and 80 percent by age 80. If urine flow is obstructed a medical emergency involving sharp pain and inability to urinate may result.
Preventive strategies
Steps to minimize the likelihood of any further loss of functions.
Flanks
Small areas of the left and right back
Kidney
In a young healthy adult is about the size of a fist and contains about 1 million nephrons
Nephrons
The microscopic structures that produce urine
Helium
The renal artery and vein, as well as nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the uterer, pass into the kidney through te noticed region called:
Cortex
The tissue of the kidney itself visibly divided into an outer region:
Medulla
The tissue of the kidney itself is visibly divided into an inner region:
Pyramids
Medullary tissue is divided into fan-shaped regions or :
Papilla
Each pyramid ends in a portion of tissue called:
Renal Pelvis
The hollow space where the papilla projects
Glomerulus
Blood that has entered the kidney through the renal artery flows through successively smaller vessels until it reaches:
Bowman’s Capsule
A cluster of capillaries surrounded by: Which is a cup shaped hollow structure that is the first part of the nephron where water also enters
Glomerular Filtration reabsorption
One of the processes of the formation of urine, this reabsorption of substances from the Renal tubule into blood, and secretion of substances from blood into the renal tubule
Filtrate
The fluid formed in the capsule, roughly resembles blood plasma except for the absence of proteins
Glomerular filtration rate
The rate in which blood is filtered which is averaged to about 180L/day
Simple diffusion
Molecules small enough to pass through a cell membrane move into and out of the cell randomly.
Osmosis
The process in which water molecules move so that the concentrations pf particular;les dissolved in water (or osmolarity) approach equivalence on both sides of a membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules still move from the region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration
Active Transport
The only process that can produce a net movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
Diuresis
Healthy kidneys can produce urine with an osmolarity as low as one-sixth the osmolar concentration of blood plasma, an action termed:
Antidiuresis
The result of this hormonal activity, can form a very concentrated urine with an osmolarity as high as four times that of plasma
Osmotic Diuresis
At excessively high blood glucose levels so much glucose enters the filtrate that the proximal tubules transport capacity to reabsorption it is insufficient, when this occurs, as in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus, the body loses not only glucose but laso large amounts of water through:
Creatinine
Another waste pride time of metabolism, has larger molecules than urea and is not reabsorped
Erythropoietin
The body produces about 90 percent, a hormone that results the rate at which erythrocytes mature in bone marrow
Urinary bladder
The anterior most organ in the pelvis of both men and women, stores urine
Urethra
The duct that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body. In women, the urethra is only about 3-4 cm long and opens to the external environment via a small orifice just anterior to that of the vagina. In men the urethra is about 20 cm long and ends at the tip of the penis
Testes
The primarily male reproductive organs. The produce both the hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm cells
Sperm Cells
Male sex cells
Scrotum
The testes lie outside the abdomen in a muscular sac called:
Epididymis
Sperm cells pass from the testis into:
A small sac where they are stored.
Prostate gland
Surrounds the male urinary bladder neck, the first part of the urethra runs through its tissue
Semen
The prostate gland is a major source of the fluid that combines with the sperm to form:
Penis
The male organ of copulation. It’s spongy internal tissues fill with blood to produce penile erection.
Circumcision
The skin covering the end of the penis, the foreskin, is often surgically removed in infancy through:
Visceral Pain
Usually arises to hollow structures such as the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, or the vas deferens or epididymis in males.
Referred pain
Felt in a location other than its site of origin.
Acute Kidney Injury
Also called acute renal failure
Oliguria
A sudden (often over period of days) drop in urine output to less than 400 to 500 mL per day
Anuria
Output may literally fall to zero, a condition called:
Microangiopathy
The first process that causes AKI that is an injury to a small blood vessel or glomerular capillaries.
Renal AKI
The pathological process is within the kidney tissue, or renal parenchyma
Acute tubular necrosis
Tubular cell death, can follow prerenal AKI or can develop directly due to toxin deposition.
Interstitial nephritis
A chronic inflammatory process also commonly due to toxic compounds including drugs(antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretic), can also result in renal AKI.
Postrenal AKI
The third form of AKI, originates in a structure distal to the kidney, the ureters, bladder, or urethras.
Chronic kidney disease
Also called chronic renal failure, is inadequate kidney function due to permanent loss of nephrons
End stage renal failure
Also known as End stage kidney disease, when this stage is reached a patient must have either dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.
Reduced nephron mass
This characteristic loss of nephron is also visible at the level of gross anatomy as shrunken, scarred kidneys, or reduced renal mass.
Isosthenuria
The inability to concentrate or dilute urine
Glucose intolerance
Any hypoglycemic effect is overshadowed, however, by the significant hyperglycemia effect in most patients due to cellular resistance to insulin.
Renal dialysis
The artificial replacement of some of the kidneys most critical functions, is a fact of life for most patients with CKD and end stage disease.
Peritoneal dialysis
The patients blood flows past a semipermeable membrane that has a special cleansing fluid on the other side that is hypo-osmolar to blood for a number of impurities and critical substances.
Dialysate
As the blood flows over the membrane, these substances in blood move into hypo-osmolar solution called “ “ and their concentrations in blood are thus reduced.
Hemodialysis
The patients blood is passed through a machine that contains an artificial membrane and the dialysate solution.
Kidney Stones
Are more common in the warmer months, usually summer and fall. Kidney stones also tend to be more common in the southern United States,
Priapism
A painful and prolonged erection of the penis, affects only corpora cavernosa
testicular torsion
The twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum.
Urinary tract infection
Affects the urethra, bladder, or kidney, as well as the prostate gland in men.
Urethritis
Inflammation secondary to urethral infection, is very uncommon. Infection to the urethra
Cystitis
Infection of the lining of the bladder
Pyelonephristis
An infectious inflammation of the renal parenchyma: nephrons, interstitial tissue, or both. Ten times more common in women than men.
Intrarenal abscesses
Form within the renal parenchyma
Perinephric abscesses
If intrarenal abscesses rupture and spill their contents into the adjacent fatty tissue may result in :
Number one cause of a pripiaism
Sickle cell anemia
