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Medical Emergencies > Chapter 7 urology And Nephrology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 urology And Nephrology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Urinary System

A

Performs a number of vital functions, maintains blood volume and the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and PH(acid-base balance). It ensures that key substances such as glucose remain in the bloodstream, yet it also removes a variety of toxic wastes from the blood

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2
Q

Urine

A

The body eliminates water and other substances removed from blood in the form of this. The kidneys regulation of water and other important substances in blood is an example of homeostasis, the body’s ability to maintain an appropriate internal environmental despite changing conditions.

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3
Q

Urea

A

The liver cells convert the ammonia into this where the kidneys remove it efficiently from the blood and pass it into the urine.

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4
Q

Genitourinary System

A

Often used with men, the urinary and reproductive systems proximity In women and their shared structures in men are due to the common embryonic origin of their tissues.

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5
Q

Nephrology

A

The medical specialty devoted to kidney disorders.

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6
Q

Urology

A

The surgical specialty devoted to care of the entire urinary system in women and the genitourinary system in men.

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7
Q

Renal

A

Refers to conditions primarily affecting the kidneys

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8
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostrate gland, affects about 60 percent of men by age 50 and 80 percent by age 80. If urine flow is obstructed a medical emergency involving sharp pain and inability to urinate may result.

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9
Q

Preventive strategies

A

Steps to minimize the likelihood of any further loss of functions.

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10
Q

Flanks

A

Small areas of the left and right back

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11
Q

Kidney

A

In a young healthy adult is about the size of a fist and contains about 1 million nephrons

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12
Q

Nephrons

A

The microscopic structures that produce urine

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13
Q

Helium

A

The renal artery and vein, as well as nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the uterer, pass into the kidney through te noticed region called:

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14
Q

Cortex

A

The tissue of the kidney itself visibly divided into an outer region:

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15
Q

Medulla

A

The tissue of the kidney itself is visibly divided into an inner region:

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16
Q

Pyramids

A

Medullary tissue is divided into fan-shaped regions or :

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17
Q

Papilla

A

Each pyramid ends in a portion of tissue called:

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18
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

The hollow space where the papilla projects

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19
Q

Glomerulus

A

Blood that has entered the kidney through the renal artery flows through successively smaller vessels until it reaches:

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20
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by: Which is a cup shaped hollow structure that is the first part of the nephron where water also enters

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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration reabsorption

A

One of the processes of the formation of urine, this reabsorption of substances from the Renal tubule into blood, and secretion of substances from blood into the renal tubule

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22
Q

Filtrate

A

The fluid formed in the capsule, roughly resembles blood plasma except for the absence of proteins

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23
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

The rate in which blood is filtered which is averaged to about 180L/day

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24
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Molecules small enough to pass through a cell membrane move into and out of the cell randomly.

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

The process in which water molecules move so that the concentrations pf particular;les dissolved in water (or osmolarity) approach equivalence on both sides of a membrane

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26
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules still move from the region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration

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27
Q

Active Transport

A

The only process that can produce a net movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

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28
Q

Diuresis

A

Healthy kidneys can produce urine with an osmolarity as low as one-sixth the osmolar concentration of blood plasma, an action termed:

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29
Q

Antidiuresis

A

The result of this hormonal activity, can form a very concentrated urine with an osmolarity as high as four times that of plasma

30
Q

Osmotic Diuresis

A

At excessively high blood glucose levels so much glucose enters the filtrate that the proximal tubules transport capacity to reabsorption it is insufficient, when this occurs, as in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus, the body loses not only glucose but laso large amounts of water through:

31
Q

Creatinine

A

Another waste pride time of metabolism, has larger molecules than urea and is not reabsorped

32
Q

Erythropoietin

A

The body produces about 90 percent, a hormone that results the rate at which erythrocytes mature in bone marrow

33
Q

Urinary bladder

A

The anterior most organ in the pelvis of both men and women, stores urine

34
Q

Urethra

A

The duct that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body. In women, the urethra is only about 3-4 cm long and opens to the external environment via a small orifice just anterior to that of the vagina. In men the urethra is about 20 cm long and ends at the tip of the penis

35
Q

Testes

A

The primarily male reproductive organs. The produce both the hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm cells

36
Q

Sperm Cells

A

Male sex cells

37
Q

Scrotum

A

The testes lie outside the abdomen in a muscular sac called:

38
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm cells pass from the testis into:
A small sac where they are stored.

39
Q

Prostate gland

A

Surrounds the male urinary bladder neck, the first part of the urethra runs through its tissue

40
Q

Semen

A

The prostate gland is a major source of the fluid that combines with the sperm to form:

41
Q

Penis

A

The male organ of copulation. It’s spongy internal tissues fill with blood to produce penile erection.

42
Q

Circumcision

A

The skin covering the end of the penis, the foreskin, is often surgically removed in infancy through:

43
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Usually arises to hollow structures such as the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, or the vas deferens or epididymis in males.

44
Q

Referred pain

A

Felt in a location other than its site of origin.

45
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A

Also called acute renal failure

46
Q

Oliguria

A

A sudden (often over period of days) drop in urine output to less than 400 to 500 mL per day

47
Q

Anuria

A

Output may literally fall to zero, a condition called:

48
Q

Microangiopathy

A

The first process that causes AKI that is an injury to a small blood vessel or glomerular capillaries.

49
Q

Renal AKI

A

The pathological process is within the kidney tissue, or renal parenchyma

50
Q

Acute tubular necrosis

A

Tubular cell death, can follow prerenal AKI or can develop directly due to toxin deposition.

51
Q

Interstitial nephritis

A

A chronic inflammatory process also commonly due to toxic compounds including drugs(antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretic), can also result in renal AKI.

52
Q

Postrenal AKI

A

The third form of AKI, originates in a structure distal to the kidney, the ureters, bladder, or urethras.

53
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

Also called chronic renal failure, is inadequate kidney function due to permanent loss of nephrons

54
Q

End stage renal failure

A

Also known as End stage kidney disease, when this stage is reached a patient must have either dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.

55
Q

Reduced nephron mass

A

This characteristic loss of nephron is also visible at the level of gross anatomy as shrunken, scarred kidneys, or reduced renal mass.

56
Q

Isosthenuria

A

The inability to concentrate or dilute urine

57
Q

Glucose intolerance

A

Any hypoglycemic effect is overshadowed, however, by the significant hyperglycemia effect in most patients due to cellular resistance to insulin.

58
Q

Renal dialysis

A

The artificial replacement of some of the kidneys most critical functions, is a fact of life for most patients with CKD and end stage disease.

59
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

The patients blood flows past a semipermeable membrane that has a special cleansing fluid on the other side that is hypo-osmolar to blood for a number of impurities and critical substances.

60
Q

Dialysate

A

As the blood flows over the membrane, these substances in blood move into hypo-osmolar solution called “ “ and their concentrations in blood are thus reduced.

61
Q

Hemodialysis

A

The patients blood is passed through a machine that contains an artificial membrane and the dialysate solution.

62
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Are more common in the warmer months, usually summer and fall. Kidney stones also tend to be more common in the southern United States,

63
Q

Priapism

A

A painful and prolonged erection of the penis, affects only corpora cavernosa

64
Q

testicular torsion

A

The twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum.

65
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Affects the urethra, bladder, or kidney, as well as the prostate gland in men.

66
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation secondary to urethral infection, is very uncommon. Infection to the urethra

67
Q

Cystitis

A

Infection of the lining of the bladder

68
Q

Pyelonephristis

A

An infectious inflammation of the renal parenchyma: nephrons, interstitial tissue, or both. Ten times more common in women than men.

69
Q

Intrarenal abscesses

A

Form within the renal parenchyma

70
Q

Perinephric abscesses

A

If intrarenal abscesses rupture and spill their contents into the adjacent fatty tissue may result in :

71
Q

Number one cause of a pripiaism

A

Sickle cell anemia

Medical Emergencies (2 decks)

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