Chapter 7- Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

algorithm

Answer 1

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

Question 2

analytical intelligence

Answer 2

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

Question 3

anchoring bias

Answer 3

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

Question 4

artificial concept

Answer 4

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

Question 6

cognition

Answer 6

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

Question 7

cognitive psychology

Answer 7

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

Question 8

cognitive script

Answer 8

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

Question 9

concept

Answer 9

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

Question 11

convergent thinking

Answer 11

providing correct or established answers to problems

Question 12

creative intelligence

Answer 12

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

Question 13

creativity

Answer 13

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Question 14

crystallized intelligence

Answer 14

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

Question 15

cultural intelligence

Answer 15

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

Question 16

divergent thinking

Answer 16

ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

Question 17

dysgraphia

Answer 17

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

Question 18

dyslexia

Answer 18

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

Question 19

emotional intelligence

Answer 19

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

Question 20

event schema

Answer 20

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

Question 21

fluid intelligence

Answer 21

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Question 22

Flynn effect

Answer 22

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Question 23

functional fixedness

Answer 23

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

Question 24

grammar

Answer 24

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon

Question 25

heuristic

Answer 25

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

Question 26

hindsight bias

Answer 26

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

Question 27

intelligence quotient

Answer 27

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

Question 28

language

Answer 28

communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

Question 29

lexicon

Answer 29

the words of a given language

Question 30

mental set

Answer 30

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

Question 31

morpheme

Answer 31

smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

Question 32

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Answer 32

Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

Question 33

natural concept

Answer 33

mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences

Question 34

norming

Answer 34

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

Question 35

overgeneralization

Answer 35

extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule

Question 36

phoneme

Answer 36

basic sound unit of a given language

Question 37

practical intelligence

Answer 37

aka “street smarts”

Question 38

problem-solving strategy

Answer 38

method for solving problems

Question 39

prototype

Answer 39

best representation of a concept

Question 40

range of reaction

Answer 40

each person’s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic makeup

Question 41

representative bias

Answer 41

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

Question 42

representative sample

Answer 42

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Question 43

role schema

Answer 43

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

Question 44

schema

Answer 44

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Question 45

semantics

Answer 45

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Question 46

standard deviation

Answer 46

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

Question 47

standardization

Answer 47

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

Question 48

syntax

Answer 48

manner by which words are organized into sentences

Question 49

trial and error

Answer 49

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

Question 50

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 50

Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

Question 51

working backwards

Answer 51

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result