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human anatomy chapter 6 and 7 > chapter 7 the upper limb > Flashcards

chapter 7 the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the ___________ to the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femur.

A

sacro-iliac joints

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2
Q

what is the notable difference of the femurs in females and males?

A

femurs of a female are slightly more oblique than those of males, leading to wider hips

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3
Q

at the knee, the distal end of each femur articulates with the _____ and ______ of the corresponding leg.

A

patella and tibia

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4
Q

the ____ does not articulate with the femur and does not transfer weight

A

fibula

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5
Q

at the ankle, the weight borne by the tibia is transferred to the _______

A

talus

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6
Q

what three bones fuse to form the hip bone?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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7
Q

the _____ is a large oval opening in the hip bone that is bounded by the pubis and the ischium and their rami

A

obturator foramen

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8
Q

the large cup shaped cavity (socket) in which the lateral aspect of the hip bone that articulates with head of the femur to form the hip joint

A

acetabulum

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9
Q

the _____ ______ of the femur give tendinous attachment to the primary flexor of the thigh (the iliopsoas)

A

lesser trochanter

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10
Q

the ____ _____ of the femur joins the femoral shaft providing attachment and leverage for abductors and rotators of the thigh

A

greater trochanter

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11
Q

the femoral condyles are located on the posterior end of the femur and articulate with the ______ to form the knee joint

A

tibial condyles

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12
Q

what ligament is attached to the ischial spine of the pelvis?

A

sacrospinous ligament

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13
Q

what ligament is attached to the ischial tuberosity of the hip bone?

A

sacrotuberous

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14
Q

what ligament is attached to the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)?

A

inguinal ligament

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15
Q

the ____ _____ of the tibia consists of two smooth articular surfaces that articulate with the large condyles of the femur

A

tibial plateau

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16
Q

the ____ _____ of the tibia provides distal attachment of the patellar ligament, which stretches between the inferior margin of the patella and the tibial tuberosity

A

tibial tuberosity

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17
Q

what are the bones of the foot?

A

tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges

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18
Q

the deep fascia of the thigh

A

fascia lata

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19
Q

what are the main muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lasteralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

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20
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the rectus femoris muscle?

A

anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum

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21
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis?

A

greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur

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22
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the vastus medialis?

A

interrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur

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23
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the vastus intermedius?

A

anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur

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24
Q

what is the common distal attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscles

A

quadriceps tendon and attachments to the base of patella

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25
Q

what is the innervation of the quadriceps femoris muscles?

A

femoral nerve from L2-L4

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26
Q

the ____ pelvis is bounded by the iliac alae

A

greater

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27
Q

the _____ pelvis is bounded by the pelvic surfaces of hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

A

lesser

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28
Q

what five spinal roots for the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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29
Q

what muscles are capable of adducting the leg?

A

gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis

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30
Q

what is unique about the parasympathetic nerves of the vagina?

A

visceral pain is conducted by the parasympathetic nerves rather than spinal afferent nerves

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31
Q

what is the origin of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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32
Q

what is the distribution of the sciatic nerve?

A

articular branches to hip joint and muscular branches to flexors of the knee in the thigh and all muscles in leg and foot

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33
Q

what is the origin of superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

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34
Q

what is the distribution of superior gluteal nerve?

A

gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae lateae muscles

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35
Q

what is the origin of inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

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36
Q

what is the distribution of inferior gluteal nerve?

A

gluteus maximus

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37
Q

superior to the pelvic brim, the descending part of the L4 nerve unites with the anterior ramus of L5 nerve to form the _____

A

lumbosacral trunk

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38
Q

what is the origin of of the nerves for the quadratus femoris?

A

L4-S1

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39
Q

what is the origin of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

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40
Q

what is the distribution of the pudendal nerve?

A

structures in the perineum

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41
Q

what does the obturator nerve arise from?

A

the anterior rami of spinal nerves L2-L4

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42
Q

the sacral trunks of the sympathetic trunk descend on to pelvic surface to converge into the ______

A

ganglion impar

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43
Q

the ____ ______ is the continuation of the duct of the epididymis

A

ductus deferens

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44
Q

the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system

A

prostate

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45
Q

what makes up semen?

A

secretions produced by testes, seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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46
Q

almond-shaped and almond-sized female gonads in which the oocytes develop

A

ovaries

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47
Q

conduct the oocyte, discharged monthly from an ovary during childbearing years

A

uterine tubes

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48
Q

what are the four parts of the uterine tubes?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part

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49
Q

where do the fetus and embryo develop

A

uterus

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50
Q

the three layers of the wall of the body of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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51
Q

a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and the pelvic floor

A

broad ligament of the uterus

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52
Q

what are the three sub pieces of the broad ligament of the uterus

A

mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

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53
Q

what are the arteries supplying blood to the vagina?

A

uterine arteries

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54
Q

the shallow compartment of the body bounded by the pelvic outlet and separated from the pelvic cavity by the fascia covering the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm

A

perineum

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55
Q

what is the main artery to the pelvis?

A

internal iliac artery

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56
Q

what does the internal iliac artery begin as?

A

common iliac artery

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57
Q

what are the three parts of the urinary organs?

A

the ureters, urinary bladder, urthera

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58
Q

what are the main internal organs of the male genital?

A

testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal glands, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

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59
Q

what comes together to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal glad joins the ductus deferens

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60
Q

what type of ligaments are sacrospinous and sacrotuberous

A

sacro-iliac ligaments

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61
Q

what does the external iliac artery supply blood too?

A

the lower limb

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62
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply blood too?

A

the pelvic visera (back of the pelvis)

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63
Q

what is the main artery supplying blood to the bladder?

A

internal iliac artery

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64
Q

main arterial supply for the vagina

A

vaginal and uterine arteries

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65
Q

main arterial supply for the penis

A

puedenal arteries

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66
Q

the ovarian artery originates from the ___________

A

abdominal aorta

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67
Q

the bladder is always ______ (situated behind the pubis)

A

retropubic

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68
Q

the autonomic nerves going to the uteres and vagina are know as ________

A

mixed autonomic

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69
Q

what is the pectinate line?

A

it is where blood supply, lymphatics, and venous supply differ based on being above or below the line

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70
Q

at the pectinate line, the inferior mesenteric artery transitions into the ______

A

internal iliac artery

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71
Q

at the pectinate line, the visceral motor and sensory innervation transitions into ________

A

somatic motor and sensory innervation

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72
Q

what are the three layers of muscle of the perineum of both males and females from superficial to deep?

A

coccygeus, iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus

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73
Q

what spinal nerves innervate mostly innervate the anterior of the leg?

A

L1-S1

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74
Q

what is the main nerve of the thigh?

A

femoral nerve and its cutaneous branches

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75
Q

what are the three bones that fuse together to make up the hip bone?

A

ilium, ishium, pubis

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76
Q

the patella is known as a _____ bone

A

sesamoid bone

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77
Q

movement of foot in which you stand on your toes

A

plantarflexion

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78
Q

movement of foot in which you are walking up a hill

A

dorsiflexion

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79
Q

what are the main extensors of the knee in the thigh?

A

quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

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80
Q

what are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee in the thigh?

A

semitendinosus, semimebranosus, biceps formis

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81
Q

what is the proxmial attachment of semitendinosus and semimembranosus

A

ischial tuberosity

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82
Q

what is the distal attachment of semitendinosus and semimembranosus

A

medial surface of superior tibia & medial condyle of tibia (overall the tibia)

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83
Q

innervation of semitendinosus and semimembranosus

A

sciatic nerve

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84
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the long and short head of biceps formis?

A

long head: ischial tuborsity

short head: femur

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85
Q

what is the distal attachment of the long and short head of biceps formis?

A

both are attached to the lateral side of the head of fibula

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86
Q

innervation of biceps formis

A

sciatic nerve

87
Q

what muscles are known as the hamstring and where are they located?

A

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps formis. they are located in the posterior part of the thigh.

88
Q

what are the adductors of the thigh?

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

89
Q

innervation of the adductors of the thigh

A

obturator nerve

90
Q

proximal attachment of adductor longus

A

pubis

91
Q

distal attachment of adductor longus

A

femur

92
Q

proximal and distal attachment of adductor brevis

A

proximal: pubis
distal: femur

93
Q

proximal and distal attachment of adductor magnus

A

proximal: pubis (adductor part) & ischial tuberosity (hamstring part)
distal: femur

94
Q

proximal and distal attachment of gracilis

A

proximal: pubis
distal: tibia

95
Q

what muscles make up the pes anserinus?

A

gracilis, semitendinous, and sartorious

96
Q

what is the course venous drainage from the femoral vein?

A

femoral vein to external iliac vein to common iliac vein to inferior vena cava

97
Q

the femoral triangle is bound by the ______ _____ superiorly, the _____ _____ medially, and the ______ laterally

A

inguinal ligament superiorly, adductor longus medially, and sartorius laterally

98
Q

main arterial supply for the thigh

A

the femoral artery

99
Q

main venous supply for the thigh

A

the femoral vein

100
Q

what supplies blood to the hamstrings?

A

perforating branches of femoral artery

101
Q

innervation of perineum

A

peudenal nerve

102
Q

what are the main abductors and rotators of the thigh?

A

gluetus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris

103
Q

what is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

inversion is lifting the medial aspect of the foot while eversion is lifting the lateral aspect of the foot

104
Q

the _____ is the distal process of the fibula while the ______ is the distal process of the tibia

A

lateral malleolus & medial malleolus

105
Q

how does the body employ to prevent gravity from pooling blood in the legs?

A

-veins contains valves that prevent backwards backflow
-the heart pumping helps push venous blood back up to the heart
-leg muscles act as pumps to push blood back up to the heart

106
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

107
Q

what does the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve originate from?

A

they bifurcate of the sciatic nerve

108
Q

main vein and artery of the popliteal region?

A

popliteal artery and vein

109
Q

where is the small saphenous vein

A

superficial vein of the posterior leg

110
Q

what does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

popliteal vein

111
Q

what does the popliteal vein drain into?

A

femoral vein

112
Q

what are the main arteries to the knee?

A

genicular arteries

113
Q

where do the genicular arteries originate from?

A

popliteal artery

114
Q

what muscles form the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibalis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

115
Q

what is the innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep fibular nerve

116
Q

what is the innervation to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

superficial fibular nerve

117
Q

what muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

118
Q

at the ankle (posterior), the tibial nerve bifurcates into the ________ ______ nerve and _____ ______ nerve which innervate the foot

A

medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve

119
Q

what artery of the posterior part of the leg runs through the intersessous membrane between the tibia and fibular

A

`anterior tibial artery

120
Q

what artery supplies the anterior portion of the leg?

A

anterior tibial artery

121
Q

what arteries supply the posterior part of the leg?

A

the posterior tibial artery and the fibular (peroneal) artery

122
Q

what nerve runs along side the anterior tibial artery

A

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

123
Q

what nerve runs along side the posterior tibial artery?

A

the tibial nerve

124
Q

what nerve of the leg is superficial and very vulnerable?

A

superficial fibular nerve

125
Q

superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads), soleus, plantaris

126
Q

deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibalis posterior

127
Q

what is the innervation of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

128
Q

what does Achielles tendon attach too?

A

the large calcaneus

129
Q

what are the main joints of the pelvis?

A

lumbosacral joints, sacro-iliac joints, and sacro-coccygeal joints

130
Q

what muscles make up the lateral wall of the pelvic girdle?

A

obturator internus

131
Q

what muscle makes up the posteriorsuperior wall of the pelvic girdle?

A

piriformis

132
Q

what muscles make up the floor of the pelvic girdle?

A

levator ani and coccygeus

133
Q

what muscles make up the levator ani?

A

puboprostaticus or pubovaginialis, puborectalis, pubococcygeus

134
Q

the paritel peritoneum lining the abdonminal cavity continues to the pelvic cavity but does not reach the pelvic floor, instead it ________________

A

reflects onto the pelvic viscera

135
Q

potential spaces consisting of loose fatty tissue

A

retropubic spaces

136
Q

what is the main blood supply to the leg?

A

external iliac artery

137
Q

what is the main blood supply to the paritel peritoneum?

A

internal iliac artery

138
Q

what artery do the internal and external iliac arteries branch from?

A

common iliac artery

139
Q

what does the ovarian artery arise from?

A

the abdominal aorta

140
Q

what are the two main nerves of the sacral plexus?

A

the sciatic nerve and the pudenal nerve

141
Q

what is the mesentery suspending the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

the broad ligament

142
Q

at the pectinate line, the portal venous system transitions into what venous system>

A

caval venous system

143
Q

what artery and vein supplies the superior part of the anal canal?

A

inferior mesenteric artery and hepatic portal vein

144
Q

what artery and vein supplies the inferior part of the anal canal?

A

internal iliac artery and caval venrous system

145
Q

where is the pectinate line?

A

the anal canal

146
Q

an involuntary sphincter making up about 2/3 of the anal canal

A

internal anal sphincter

147
Q

a voluntary sphincter on the inferior end of anal canal

A

external anal sphincter

148
Q

what is the main difference in structure between a male and female pelvis?

A

(M) thick and heavy; (F) thin and light

149
Q

what is the main difference in the greater pelvis between male and female?

A

(M) deep; (F) shallow

150
Q

what is the main difference in the lesser pelvis between male and female?

A

(M) narrow and deep; (F) wide and shallow

151
Q

what is the main difference in the pelvic inlet between male and female?

A

(M) heart shaped, narrow (F) wide and shallow, cylindrical

152
Q

what is the main difference in the pelvic outlet between male and female?

A

(M) small; (F) large

153
Q

what is the main difference in the pubic arch between male and female?

A

(m) narrow, <70 (f) wide, >80

154
Q

what is the main difference in the obturator foramen between male and female?

A

(m) round, (f) oval

155
Q

joints of pelvic girdle that are strong, weight bearing

A

sacro-iliac joints

156
Q

unites the bodies of pubic bones in median plane

A

pubic symyphysis

157
Q

what is the purpose of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

A

to assists in pelvis stability

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

158
Q

what is the popliteal region?

A

back of the knee

159
Q

what do the tendons of extensor digitorium longus control?

A

extendsthe four lateral toes

160
Q

what do the tendons of extensor hallucis longus control?

A

extends the big toe (hallux)

161
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis teritus

162
Q

what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

163
Q

what is the proximal and distal attachment of tibialis anterior?

A

proximal: tibia and intersesous membrane
distal: cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

164
Q

what is the main action of tibialis anterior?

A

dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot

165
Q

innervation of the anterior compartment of leg

A

deep fibular nerve

166
Q

proximal and distal attachment of extensor digitorum longus (EGL)

A

proximal: tibia and fibia
distal: middle and distal phalanges of later four digits

167
Q

main action of extensor digitorum longus

A

extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle

168
Q

proximal and distal attachment of extensor hallucis longus

A

proximal: fibia and interosseous membrane
distal: dorsal aspect of big toe

169
Q

main action of extensor hallucis longu

A

extend great toe and dorsiflexes ankle

170
Q

proximal and distal attachment of fibularis longus

A

proximal: lateral surface of fibula
distal: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

171
Q

main action of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A

everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle

172
Q

innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

superficial fibular nerve

173
Q

proximal and distal attachment of fibularis brevis

A

proximal: inferior two thirds of fibula
distal: dorsal surface of tuberosity of lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal (pinky toe)

174
Q

what nerve innervates the anterior part of the leg?

A

deep fibular nerve

175
Q

what nerve innervates the lateral part of the leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve

176
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior part of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

177
Q

what is the main arterial supply for the posterior portion of the leg?

A

the posterior tibial and fibular artery

178
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the anterior portion of the leg?

A

anterior tibial

179
Q

what is the main arterial supply of the foot?

A

dorsalis pedis

180
Q

what muscles make up the superficial muscles of posterior part of the leg

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

181
Q

proximal and distal attachment of gastrocnemius

A

lateral head
proximal: femur
medial head: femur
distal(both heads): posterior surface of calcaneus via Achielles tendon

182
Q

main innervation of posterior leg muscles

A

tibial nerve

183
Q

main action of gastrocnemius

A

plantarflexes ankle joint when knee joint is extended; raises heel when walking; flexes knee joint

184
Q

proximal and distal attachment of soleus

A

proximal: fibula and tibia
distal: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

185
Q

main action of gastrocnemius

A

plantarflexes ankle joint; stabilizes ankle joint

186
Q

what muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

popliteus, flexors hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibalis posterior

187
Q

proximal and distal attachment of popliteus

A

femur and lateral meniscus
distal: posterior surface of tibia

188
Q

main action of popliteus

A

weakly flexes knee joint and unlocks it by rotating femur

189
Q

proximal and distal of flexor hallucis longus

A

proximal: fibula
distal: base of big toe

190
Q

main action of flexor hallucis longus

A

flexes great toe

191
Q

proximal and distal attachment of flexor digitorum longus

A

proximal: tibia
distal: base of lateral four digits

192
Q

main action of flexor digitorum longus

A

flexes lateral four toes

193
Q

proximal and distal attachment of tibialis posterior

A

proximal: tibia and fibula
distal: tuberosity of navicular

194
Q

main action of tibalis posterior

A

plantarflexes ankle joint; inverts foot; maintains arch

195
Q

what tendon in the foot is known to have all the neurovascular wrapped around it

A

flexor hallucis longus

196
Q

what is muscles inbetween the toes

A

dorsal interossei

197
Q

what does the iliofemoral ligament attach too

A

ilium and femur

198
Q

what does the pubofemoral ligament attach too

A

pubis and femur

199
Q

what is the main artery to the hip joint

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

200
Q

what is the role of the menisci in the knee joint

A

give the tibial plateau a lip so femur can rest on & keeps tibia from slamming onto tibia

201
Q

what causes a torn ACL

A

a medial rotation of tibia on femur or lateral rotation of femur on tibia

202
Q

if you have a rupture of acl, the anterior drawer sign makes the femur fall ____

A

posteriorly

203
Q

if you have a rupture of pcl, the posterior drawer sign makes the femur be able to be pushed _____

A

anteriorly

204
Q

what is the first ligament to be torn in the foot?

A

anterior talofibular ligament

205
Q

what causes the anterior talofibular ligament to be torn?

A

eversion

206
Q

what are the most commonly torn ligaments of the foot?

A

anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament

207
Q

what is the course of the spring ligament?

A

runs from the calcaneon to the navicular

208
Q

what is so critical about the spring ligament

A

critical for the holding the arch of the foot

human anatomy chapter 6 and 7 (2 decks)

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