chapter 7 the upper limb Flashcards
body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the ___________ to the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femur.
sacro-iliac joints
what is the notable difference of the femurs in females and males?
femurs of a female are slightly more oblique than those of males, leading to wider hips
at the knee, the distal end of each femur articulates with the _____ and ______ of the corresponding leg.
patella and tibia
the ____ does not articulate with the femur and does not transfer weight
fibula
at the ankle, the weight borne by the tibia is transferred to the _______
talus
what three bones fuse to form the hip bone?
ilium, ischium, pubis
the _____ is a large oval opening in the hip bone that is bounded by the pubis and the ischium and their rami
obturator foramen
the large cup shaped cavity (socket) in which the lateral aspect of the hip bone that articulates with head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum
the _____ ______ of the femur give tendinous attachment to the primary flexor of the thigh (the iliopsoas)
lesser trochanter
the ____ _____ of the femur joins the femoral shaft providing attachment and leverage for abductors and rotators of the thigh
greater trochanter
the femoral condyles are located on the posterior end of the femur and articulate with the ______ to form the knee joint
tibial condyles
what ligament is attached to the ischial spine of the pelvis?
sacrospinous ligament
what ligament is attached to the ischial tuberosity of the hip bone?
sacrotuberous
what ligament is attached to the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)?
inguinal ligament
the ____ _____ of the tibia consists of two smooth articular surfaces that articulate with the large condyles of the femur
tibial plateau
the ____ _____ of the tibia provides distal attachment of the patellar ligament, which stretches between the inferior margin of the patella and the tibial tuberosity
tibial tuberosity
what are the bones of the foot?
tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
the deep fascia of the thigh
fascia lata
what are the main muscles of the anterior thigh?
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lasteralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
what is the proximal attachment of the rectus femoris muscle?
anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
what is the proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis?
greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
what is the proximal attachment of the vastus medialis?
interrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur
what is the proximal attachment of the vastus intermedius?
anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
what is the common distal attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscles
quadriceps tendon and attachments to the base of patella
what is the innervation of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
femoral nerve from L2-L4
the ____ pelvis is bounded by the iliac alae
greater
the _____ pelvis is bounded by the pelvic surfaces of hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
lesser
what five spinal roots for the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
what muscles are capable of adducting the leg?
gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis
what is unique about the parasympathetic nerves of the vagina?
visceral pain is conducted by the parasympathetic nerves rather than spinal afferent nerves
what is the origin of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
what is the distribution of the sciatic nerve?
articular branches to hip joint and muscular branches to flexors of the knee in the thigh and all muscles in leg and foot
what is the origin of superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
what is the distribution of superior gluteal nerve?
gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae lateae muscles
what is the origin of inferior gluteal nerve?
L5-S2
what is the distribution of inferior gluteal nerve?
gluteus maximus
superior to the pelvic brim, the descending part of the L4 nerve unites with the anterior ramus of L5 nerve to form the _____
lumbosacral trunk
what is the origin of of the nerves for the quadratus femoris?
L4-S1
what is the origin of the pudendal nerve?
S2-S4
what is the distribution of the pudendal nerve?
structures in the perineum
what does the obturator nerve arise from?
the anterior rami of spinal nerves L2-L4
the sacral trunks of the sympathetic trunk descend on to pelvic surface to converge into the ______
ganglion impar
the ____ ______ is the continuation of the duct of the epididymis
ductus deferens
the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system
prostate
what makes up semen?
secretions produced by testes, seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
almond-shaped and almond-sized female gonads in which the oocytes develop
ovaries
conduct the oocyte, discharged monthly from an ovary during childbearing years
uterine tubes
what are the four parts of the uterine tubes?
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterine part
where do the fetus and embryo develop
uterus
the three layers of the wall of the body of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and the pelvic floor
broad ligament of the uterus
what are the three sub pieces of the broad ligament of the uterus
mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium
what are the arteries supplying blood to the vagina?
uterine arteries
the shallow compartment of the body bounded by the pelvic outlet and separated from the pelvic cavity by the fascia covering the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm
perineum
what is the main artery to the pelvis?
internal iliac artery
what does the internal iliac artery begin as?
common iliac artery
what are the three parts of the urinary organs?
the ureters, urinary bladder, urthera
what are the main internal organs of the male genital?
testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal glands, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
what comes together to form the ejaculatory duct?
seminal glad joins the ductus deferens
what type of ligaments are sacrospinous and sacrotuberous
sacro-iliac ligaments
what does the external iliac artery supply blood too?
the lower limb
what does the internal iliac artery supply blood too?
the pelvic visera (back of the pelvis)
what is the main artery supplying blood to the bladder?
internal iliac artery
main arterial supply for the vagina
vaginal and uterine arteries
main arterial supply for the penis
puedenal arteries
the ovarian artery originates from the ___________
abdominal aorta
the bladder is always ______ (situated behind the pubis)
retropubic
the autonomic nerves going to the uteres and vagina are know as ________
mixed autonomic
what is the pectinate line?
it is where blood supply, lymphatics, and venous supply differ based on being above or below the line
at the pectinate line, the inferior mesenteric artery transitions into the ______
internal iliac artery
at the pectinate line, the visceral motor and sensory innervation transitions into ________
somatic motor and sensory innervation
what are the three layers of muscle of the perineum of both males and females from superficial to deep?
coccygeus, iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus
what spinal nerves innervate mostly innervate the anterior of the leg?
L1-S1
what is the main nerve of the thigh?
femoral nerve and its cutaneous branches
what are the three bones that fuse together to make up the hip bone?
ilium, ishium, pubis
the patella is known as a _____ bone
sesamoid bone
movement of foot in which you stand on your toes
plantarflexion
movement of foot in which you are walking up a hill
dorsiflexion
what are the main extensors of the knee in the thigh?
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
what are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee in the thigh?
semitendinosus, semimebranosus, biceps formis
what is the proxmial attachment of semitendinosus and semimembranosus
ischial tuberosity
what is the distal attachment of semitendinosus and semimembranosus
medial surface of superior tibia & medial condyle of tibia (overall the tibia)
innervation of semitendinosus and semimembranosus
sciatic nerve
what is the proximal attachment of the long and short head of biceps formis?
long head: ischial tuborsity
short head: femur
what is the distal attachment of the long and short head of biceps formis?
both are attached to the lateral side of the head of fibula
innervation of biceps formis
sciatic nerve
what muscles are known as the hamstring and where are they located?
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps formis. they are located in the posterior part of the thigh.
what are the adductors of the thigh?
adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus
innervation of the adductors of the thigh
obturator nerve
proximal attachment of adductor longus
pubis
distal attachment of adductor longus
femur
proximal and distal attachment of adductor brevis
proximal: pubis
distal: femur
proximal and distal attachment of adductor magnus
proximal: pubis (adductor part) & ischial tuberosity (hamstring part)
distal: femur
proximal and distal attachment of gracilis
proximal: pubis
distal: tibia
what muscles make up the pes anserinus?
gracilis, semitendinous, and sartorious
what is the course venous drainage from the femoral vein?
femoral vein to external iliac vein to common iliac vein to inferior vena cava
the femoral triangle is bound by the ______ _____ superiorly, the _____ _____ medially, and the ______ laterally
inguinal ligament superiorly, adductor longus medially, and sartorius laterally
main arterial supply for the thigh
the femoral artery
main venous supply for the thigh
the femoral vein
what supplies blood to the hamstrings?
perforating branches of femoral artery
innervation of perineum
peudenal nerve
what are the main abductors and rotators of the thigh?
gluetus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris
what is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot?
inversion is lifting the medial aspect of the foot while eversion is lifting the lateral aspect of the foot
the _____ is the distal process of the fibula while the ______ is the distal process of the tibia
lateral malleolus & medial malleolus
how does the body employ to prevent gravity from pooling blood in the legs?
-veins contains valves that prevent backwards backflow
-the heart pumping helps push venous blood back up to the heart
-leg muscles act as pumps to push blood back up to the heart
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what does the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve originate from?
they bifurcate of the sciatic nerve
main vein and artery of the popliteal region?
popliteal artery and vein
where is the small saphenous vein
superficial vein of the posterior leg
what does the small saphenous vein drain into?
popliteal vein
what does the popliteal vein drain into?
femoral vein
what are the main arteries to the knee?
genicular arteries
where do the genicular arteries originate from?
popliteal artery
what muscles form the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibalis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
what is the innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular nerve
what is the innervation to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve
what muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?
fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
at the ankle (posterior), the tibial nerve bifurcates into the ________ ______ nerve and _____ ______ nerve which innervate the foot
medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve
what artery of the posterior part of the leg runs through the intersessous membrane between the tibia and fibular
`anterior tibial artery
what artery supplies the anterior portion of the leg?
anterior tibial artery
what arteries supply the posterior part of the leg?
the posterior tibial artery and the fibular (peroneal) artery
what nerve runs along side the anterior tibial artery
deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
what nerve runs along side the posterior tibial artery?
the tibial nerve
what nerve of the leg is superficial and very vulnerable?
superficial fibular nerve
superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads), soleus, plantaris
deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibalis posterior
what is the innervation of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
what does Achielles tendon attach too?
the large calcaneus
what are the main joints of the pelvis?
lumbosacral joints, sacro-iliac joints, and sacro-coccygeal joints
what muscles make up the lateral wall of the pelvic girdle?
obturator internus
what muscle makes up the posteriorsuperior wall of the pelvic girdle?
piriformis
what muscles make up the floor of the pelvic girdle?
levator ani and coccygeus
what muscles make up the levator ani?
puboprostaticus or pubovaginialis, puborectalis, pubococcygeus
the paritel peritoneum lining the abdonminal cavity continues to the pelvic cavity but does not reach the pelvic floor, instead it ________________
reflects onto the pelvic viscera
potential spaces consisting of loose fatty tissue
retropubic spaces
what is the main blood supply to the leg?
external iliac artery
what is the main blood supply to the paritel peritoneum?
internal iliac artery
what artery do the internal and external iliac arteries branch from?
common iliac artery
what does the ovarian artery arise from?
the abdominal aorta
what are the two main nerves of the sacral plexus?
the sciatic nerve and the pudenal nerve
what is the mesentery suspending the broad ligament of the uterus?
the broad ligament
at the pectinate line, the portal venous system transitions into what venous system>
caval venous system
what artery and vein supplies the superior part of the anal canal?
inferior mesenteric artery and hepatic portal vein
what artery and vein supplies the inferior part of the anal canal?
internal iliac artery and caval venrous system
where is the pectinate line?
the anal canal
an involuntary sphincter making up about 2/3 of the anal canal
internal anal sphincter
a voluntary sphincter on the inferior end of anal canal
external anal sphincter
what is the main difference in structure between a male and female pelvis?
(M) thick and heavy; (F) thin and light
what is the main difference in the greater pelvis between male and female?
(M) deep; (F) shallow
what is the main difference in the lesser pelvis between male and female?
(M) narrow and deep; (F) wide and shallow
what is the main difference in the pelvic inlet between male and female?
(M) heart shaped, narrow (F) wide and shallow, cylindrical
what is the main difference in the pelvic outlet between male and female?
(M) small; (F) large
what is the main difference in the pubic arch between male and female?
(m) narrow, <70 (f) wide, >80
what is the main difference in the obturator foramen between male and female?
(m) round, (f) oval
joints of pelvic girdle that are strong, weight bearing
sacro-iliac joints
unites the bodies of pubic bones in median plane
pubic symyphysis
what is the purpose of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
to assists in pelvis stability
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what is the popliteal region?
back of the knee
what do the tendons of extensor digitorium longus control?
extendsthe four lateral toes
what do the tendons of extensor hallucis longus control?
extends the big toe (hallux)
what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis teritus
what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
what is the proximal and distal attachment of tibialis anterior?
proximal: tibia and intersesous membrane
distal: cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
what is the main action of tibialis anterior?
dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
innervation of the anterior compartment of leg
deep fibular nerve
proximal and distal attachment of extensor digitorum longus (EGL)
proximal: tibia and fibia
distal: middle and distal phalanges of later four digits
main action of extensor digitorum longus
extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle
proximal and distal attachment of extensor hallucis longus
proximal: fibia and interosseous membrane
distal: dorsal aspect of big toe
main action of extensor hallucis longu
extend great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
proximal and distal attachment of fibularis longus
proximal: lateral surface of fibula
distal: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
main action of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve
proximal and distal attachment of fibularis brevis
proximal: inferior two thirds of fibula
distal: dorsal surface of tuberosity of lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal (pinky toe)
what nerve innervates the anterior part of the leg?
deep fibular nerve
what nerve innervates the lateral part of the leg?
superficial fibular nerve
what nerve innervates the posterior part of the leg?
tibial nerve
what is the main arterial supply for the posterior portion of the leg?
the posterior tibial and fibular artery
what is the main arterial supply to the anterior portion of the leg?
anterior tibial
what is the main arterial supply of the foot?
dorsalis pedis
what muscles make up the superficial muscles of posterior part of the leg
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
proximal and distal attachment of gastrocnemius
lateral head
proximal: femur
medial head: femur
distal(both heads): posterior surface of calcaneus via Achielles tendon
main innervation of posterior leg muscles
tibial nerve
main action of gastrocnemius
plantarflexes ankle joint when knee joint is extended; raises heel when walking; flexes knee joint
proximal and distal attachment of soleus
proximal: fibula and tibia
distal: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
main action of gastrocnemius
plantarflexes ankle joint; stabilizes ankle joint
what muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
popliteus, flexors hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibalis posterior
proximal and distal attachment of popliteus
femur and lateral meniscus
distal: posterior surface of tibia
main action of popliteus
weakly flexes knee joint and unlocks it by rotating femur
proximal and distal of flexor hallucis longus
proximal: fibula
distal: base of big toe
main action of flexor hallucis longus
flexes great toe
proximal and distal attachment of flexor digitorum longus
proximal: tibia
distal: base of lateral four digits
main action of flexor digitorum longus
flexes lateral four toes
proximal and distal attachment of tibialis posterior
proximal: tibia and fibula
distal: tuberosity of navicular
main action of tibalis posterior
plantarflexes ankle joint; inverts foot; maintains arch
what tendon in the foot is known to have all the neurovascular wrapped around it
flexor hallucis longus
what is muscles inbetween the toes
dorsal interossei
what does the iliofemoral ligament attach too
ilium and femur
what does the pubofemoral ligament attach too
pubis and femur
what is the main artery to the hip joint
medial circumflex femoral artery
what is the role of the menisci in the knee joint
give the tibial plateau a lip so femur can rest on & keeps tibia from slamming onto tibia
what causes a torn ACL
a medial rotation of tibia on femur or lateral rotation of femur on tibia
if you have a rupture of acl, the anterior drawer sign makes the femur fall ____
posteriorly
if you have a rupture of pcl, the posterior drawer sign makes the femur be able to be pushed _____
anteriorly
what is the first ligament to be torn in the foot?
anterior talofibular ligament
what causes the anterior talofibular ligament to be torn?
eversion
what are the most commonly torn ligaments of the foot?
anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament
what is the course of the spring ligament?
runs from the calcaneon to the navicular
what is so critical about the spring ligament
critical for the holding the arch of the foot
