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Biomedical > Chapter 7: The Skeleton-Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Skeleton-Bones and Joints Flashcards

0
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

It is divided into a central portion:

  • the axial skeleton
  • the extremities
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1
Q

List five functions of bones

A
  • serve as body framework
  • protect organs
  • serve as levers for movement
  • store calcium salts
  • form blood cells
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2
Q

Long bone makes up what?

A

Almost all of the skeleton of the arms and legs

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3
Q

The long narrow shaft of the long bone is called the ___.

A

Diaphysis

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4
Q

At the center of the diaphysis is the ___ which contains bone marrow.

A

Medullary cavity

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5
Q

The long bone also had two irregular ends, approximal and a distal ___.

A

Epiphysis

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6
Q

There are two types of bone tissue, also known as ___.

A

Osseous tissue

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7
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  • compact bone

- spongy bone

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8
Q

Compact bone:

A
  • is hard and dense
  • makes up the main shaft of a long bone and the outer layer of other bones
  • very hard bone with few spaces
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9
Q

Haversian canal:

A

Channel in the center of an osteon, a subunit of compact bone

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10
Q

Haversian system:

A

-also known as osteon: subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel.

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11
Q

Perforating (Volkmann) Canals:

A

-channel across a long bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

Spongy bone:

A
  • also called cancellous bone
  • has more spaces than compact bones
  • made up of a mesh work of small, bony plates filled with red marrow
  • makes up the center of short bones
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13
Q

Which type of bone tissue makes up the interior of the epiphyses of long bone and at the center of other bones?

A

Spongy bone

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14
Q

A long bone has a long, narrow shaft and two irregular ends, what are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone?

A
  • the scientific name for the shaft is the diaphysis

- the scientific names for the two irregular ends is the proximal and distal epiphysis

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15
Q

What are the two types of marrow that bone contains?

A

Red marrow

Yellow marrow

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16
Q

Red marrow:

A

Found at the ends of the long bones and at the center of other bones.
Manufactures blood cells

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17
Q

Yellow marrow:

A

Found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bones

Composed largely of fat

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18
Q

Bones are covered on the outside (except at the joint region) by a membrane called the ___.

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

Which membrane’s inner layer contains cells (osteoblasts) that is essential in bone formation in not only during growth but also in the repair of injuries?

A

Periosteum

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20
Q

Which vessels in the periosteum plays an important role in the nourishment of bone tissue?

A

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Endosteum:

A

A thinner membrane which lines the bone’s marrow cavity; it too contains cells that aid in the growth and repair of bone tissue

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22
Q

Ossification:

A

Process of bone tissue- the conversion of cartilage to bone begins during the second and third month of embryonic life

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23
Q

Osteoblasts:

A

Bone-building cells

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24
Q

Matrix:

A

The material located between the cells

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25
Q

Collagen:

A

A fibrous protein that gives the tissue strength and resilience

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26
Q

Lacunae:

A

Small spaces

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27
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue

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28
Q

Osteoclasts:

A

Cell that breaks down bone

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29
Q

Resorption:

A

Breakdown of bone tissue

-necessary for bone remodeling and repair, as occurs during growth and after injury

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30
Q

Both the formation and resorption of bone tissue are regulated by ___.

A

Hormones

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31
Q

___ promotes calcium absorption from the intestine

A

Vitamin D

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32
Q

Calcitonin from the ___ ____promotes the uptake of calcium by bone tissue

A

Thyroid gland

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33
Q

What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?

A
  1. Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
  2. Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintains the one but does not produce new bone tissue
  3. Osteoclasts: cell that breaks down bone
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34
Q

When does the transformation, in a long bone, of cartilage into bone begin at the center of the shaft?

A

During fetal development

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35
Q

Epiphyseal plates:

A

secondary bone-forming centers that develops across the ends of the bones around the time of birth

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36
Q

Around what age does the long bones stop growing in length?

A

By the late teens or early 20s

37
Q

What is the difference between the bones of small children and elderly people?

A

The bones of small children: are relatively pliable because they contain a larger proportion of cartilage and are undergoing active bone tissue renewal.
In elderly people: there is a slowing of bone tissue renewal. as a result the bones are weaker and more fragile. They have a decreased ability to form the protein framework on which calcium slats are deposited. Fractures heal more slowly because of these decreases in bone metabolism

38
Q

As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilages to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited to harden it?

A

Calcium compounds

39
Q

After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?

A

Epiphyseal plates

40
Q

What do bone markings help with?

A

Bone markings, lie, raised areas and depressions, help to form joints or serve as points for muscle attachments, and various holes, which allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

41
Q

What are the five projections?

A
  • Head: a rounded, knoblike end separated from the rest of the bone by a slender region, the neck
  • process: a large projection of a bone, such as the superior part of the ulna in the forearm that creates the elbow
  • condyle: a rounded projection; a small projection above a condyle is an epicondyle
  • crest: a distinct border or ridge, often rough, such as over the top of the hip bone
  • spine: a sharp projection from the surface of a bone, such as the spine of the scapula
42
Q

What are the 4 depressions or holes?

A
  • Foramen: a hole that allows a vessel or a nerve to pass through or between bones
  • sinus: an air space found in some skull bones
  • fossa: a depression on a bone surface.
  • meatus: a short channel or passageway
43
Q

Axial skeleton:

A

Consisted of 80 bones and includes the bony framework of the head and the trunk

44
Q

Appendicular skeleton:

A

Consists of 126 bones and forms the framework for the extremities and the shoulders and hips

45
Q

Extremities:

A

Limbs

46
Q

Skull:

A

The bony framework of the head

47
Q

The skull is subdivided into two parts:

A

The cranium

Facial portion

48
Q

Cranium:

A

Rounded chamber that encloses the brain and is composed of eight distinct cranial bones

49
Q

Frontal bone:

A

Forms the forehead, the anterior if the skull’s roof and the roof of the eye socket

50
Q

Frontal sinuses:

A

Air spaces that communicate with the nasal cavities. Sinuses and others near the nose are described as para nasal sinuses

51
Q

The two parietal bones:

A

From the top and the side walls of the cranium

52
Q

Two temporal bones:

A

Form part of the sides and some of the base of the skull. Each one contains MASTOID SINUSES as well as the ear canal, the eardrums, and the ear’s entire middle and internal portions.

53
Q

Mastoid process:

A

…of the temporal bone projects downward immediately behind the external part of the ear. It contains the mastoid air cells and is a place for muscle attachment

54
Q

Ethmoid bone:

A

A light, fragile bone located between the eyes. It forms a part of the eye orbit’s medial wall, a small portion of the cranial floor, and most of the nasal cavity roof.it contains several air spaces, compromising some of the para nasal sinuses. A thin platelike, downward extension of this bone form much of the nasal septum

55
Q

The sphenoid bone:

A

When from a superior view, resembles a bat with its wings extended. It lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones and forms part of the eye socket

56
Q

Sella turcica:

A

The sphenoid contains a saddle like depression that holds and protects the pituitary gland

57
Q

The occipital bone:

A

Forms the skull’s posterior and a part of its base.

58
Q

The Foramen magnum:

A

Located at the base of the occipital bone, is a large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain

59
Q

Suture:

A

Unites the skull bones that is a type of flat, immovable joint

60
Q

What are the five most prominent cranial sutures?

A
  • the coronal suture: joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones along the coronal bone
  • the squamous suture: joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone on the cranium’s lateral surface
  • the lambdoid suture: joins the occipital bone with the parietal bones in the posterior cranium
  • the Sagittal suture: joins the two parietal bones along the superior midline of the cranium, alone the Sagittal plane
61
Q

Mandible:

A

Lower jaw, the skull’s only movable joint

62
Q

The two maxillae:

A

Fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone, including the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth). Each maxilla contains a Larger space, called the MAXILLARY SINUS, that communicates with the nasal cavity

63
Q

Zygomatic bones:

A

Cheekbones

64
Q

Nasal bones:

A

Lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose

65
Q

Lacrimal bones:

A

Form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity

66
Q

Vomer

A

Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum

67
Q

Palatine bones:

A

Forms the posterior part of the hard palate

68
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

Extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavities,

69
Q

Ossicles:

A

One of the three small bones of the middle ear

70
Q

Hyoid:

A

Just below the mandible, a single horseshoe, or u-shaped, bone, to which the tongue and other muscles are attached

71
Q

Fontanels:

A

Soft spots

72
Q

Vertebral column:

A

Spine

73
Q

Thorax:

A

Bones of the chest

74
Q

Spinous process:

A

Projecting posteriorly from the bony arch that encircles the spinal cord

75
Q

Intervertebral foramina:

A

Formed between the vertebrae as they join together, through which spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord

76
Q

Cervical vertebrae:

A

Seven in number, are located in the neck.

77
Q

Atlas

A

The first vertebra, supports the head

78
Q

Axis:

A

The second cervical vertebra, serves as a pivot when the head is turned from side to side

79
Q

Transverse foramina:

A

Accommodates bloods vessels and nerves that supply the neck and the head

80
Q

Thoracic vertebrae:

A

12 in number are located in the chest, each has a spinous process that points downward

81
Q

The lumbar vertebrae:

A

Five in number, are located in the small of the back. Larger and heavier that the vertebrae superior to them and can support more weight

82
Q

Sacral vertebrae:

A

Five separate bones in the child. Eventually fuse to form a single bone called the sacrum

83
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae:

A

Consists of four or five bones in the child which later fuses to form a single one, the coccyx, or tail bone, in adult

84
Q

Concave curve:

A

Primary curve

85
Q

Manubrium:

A

Superior portion of the sternum that joins laterally on the right and left with a clavicle

86
Q

Sternal angle:

A

Where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum, there is a slight elevation

87
Q

Xiphoid process:

A

The inferior end of the sternum consists of a small tip that is made of cartilage in youth but becomes bone in the adult,

88
Q

Acromion:

A

The process that joins the clavicle

89
Q

Glenoid cavity:

A

Below the acromion there is a shallow socket that forms a ball and socket joint with the humerus

90
Q

Coracoid process:

A

Medial to the glenoid cavity

91
Q

Olecranon:

A

The proximal end of the Joan

Biomedical (1 decks)

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