Chapter 7-Social Process Theories

Question 2

The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.

Answer 2

Social Process Theory

Question 3

The view that people learn to be aggressive by observing other acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts.

Answer 3

Social Learning Theory

Question 4

The view that people commit crime when the forces binding them to society are weakened or broken.

Answer 4

Social Control Theory

Question 5

The view that people become criminals when they are labeled as such and accept the label as a personal identity.

Answer 5

Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory

Question 6

Process of human development and acculturation. Socialization is influenced by key social processes and institutions.

Answer 6

Socialization

Question 7

The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non coercive ways.

Answer 7

Parental Efficacy

Question 8

The view that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring conventional behavior.

Answer 8

Differential Association Theory

Question 9

Result of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral.

Answer 9

Culture Conflict

Question 10

The view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior.

Answer 10

Neutralize Theory

Question 11

Movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values.

Answer 11

Drift

Question 12

Methods of rationalizing deviant behavior, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim.

Answer 12

Neutralization Techniques

Question 13

A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms.

Answer 13

Self-Control

Question 14

A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements.

Answer 14

Commitment to Conformity

Question 15

The ties that bind people to society, including relationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. The elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief.

Answer 15

Social Bonds

Question 16

A person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong.

Answer 16

Moral Entrepreneur

Question 17

To apply negative labeling with enduring effects on a person’s self-image and social interactions.

Answer 17

Stigmatize

Question 18

A course of action or ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly redefined and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable.

Answer 18

Successful Degradation Ceremony

Question 19

The reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label.

Answer 19

Retrospective Reading

Question 20

A norm violation or crime that has little or no long-term influence on the violator.

Answer 20

Primary Deviance

Question 21

A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long-term consequences for the violator’s self-idenity and social interactions.

Answer 21

Secondary Deviance

Question 22

Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-idenity.

Answer 22

Deviance Amplification

Question 23

May vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Answer 23

Differential Associations

Question 24

Sutherland

Answer 24

Differential Association Theory

Question 25

Matza

Answer 25

Neutralization Theory

Question 26

• Denial of responsibility
• Denial of injury
• Denial of victim
• Condemnation of the condemners
• Appeal to higher loyalties

Answer 26

The components of Neutralization Theory

Question 27

• Attachment
• Commitment
• Belief
• Involvement

Answer 27

Components of Hirschi’s Social Control Theory