chapter 7 section 1 and 2 Flashcards
cause: dutch built dikes
effect: reclaim land from sea
cause: dutch combine small fields and use fertilizer from livestock
effect: renew the soil
cause: english mix soils and experiment with crop rotation
effect: higher crop yields/ restore soil
cause: speed drills, plants in rows
fewer seeds are wasted
cause: enclosure
effect: farm output and profits rise; fewer workers needed; farm laborers lose jobs and small farmers are forced off their land
cause: new sources of energy harnessed
effect: agricultural revolution
cause: improved medicine, higher birth rate, lower death rate
effect: population explosion
charles townshend
crop rotation
jethro tull
seed maker
enclosure
the process of taking over and consolidating land formally shared by peasant farmers
james watt
scottish engineer who created the steam engine
anesthetic
drug that prevents pain during surgery
smelt
to bind things together
why did the industrial revolution begin in England?
they had natural resources, good water sources, and a lot of raw materials
what were the first industries?
textiles and iron
what were factories powered by before the steam engine
water and wind
list two textile machines
spinning jenny and power looms
how was factory work different from farming?
farmers have a better relationship with workers and factories are way more dangerous
who wrote many books portraying poverty and social injustices of this time period?
Charles Dickons and carl marks
why did power shift from water and wind to coal
they were unreliable sources
what invention made it possible to move factories away from water?
steam power
what two natural resources did nations need and abundance of to industrialize?
iron and coal
describe early industrial cities
very polluted, unsanitary, and over crowded
change will slowly come: give one example?
child labor, quality housing, education, right to form labor unions
list one transportation improvement that helped to move goods more easily?
new bridges were constructed, roads, and canoes
what was invented in 1825?
steam locomotive
In the 20th century during the second industrial revolution what replaced steam power
gasoline in cars. electricity in houses
true or false: Britain had a stable government that encouraged economic growth?
true
how did population explosion contribute to the demand for consumer goods in Britain?
created a bigger, available workforce, which created a larger demand for goods
how did general economic prosperity contribute to the demand for consumer goods in Britain?
they had to increase production. new businesses were started up
the industrial revolution began in what British industry?
textile
list three textile inventions/ inventors that revolutionized and sped up the British textile industry
- ) spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves
- ) flying shuttle by john Kay
- ) cotton mills
identify Eli Whitney
an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. it was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolution
Where were early factories located and why?
in slater mill so they could be near water
what is a factory? explain the effect of factories?
it made it easier to make bigger amounts of products during the demand for goods
list other transportations improvements:
new bridges and steam boats
what did Robert Fulton invent?
steam boat
