Chapter 7: Routes And Formulations

Question 1

Define local effect.

Answer 1

When drug activity is at the site of administration.

Question 2

Define systemic effect.

Answer 2

When a drug is introduced into the venous (circulatory) system and carried to the site of activity.

Question 3

Define enteral.

Answer 3

Route of administration in which involves the alimentary tract (mouth to rectum).

Question 4

What are the four enteral routes?

Answer 4

Oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectum.

Question 5

Define parenteral.

Answer 5

Route of administration in which in which is outside of, or beside the alimentary tract.

Question 6

What are examples of enteral dosage forms?

Answer 6

Oral, buccal, sublingual, and rectal.

Question 7

What are examples of parenteral dosage forms?

Answer 7

Intraocular, intranasal, inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous.

Question 8

Define disintegration.

Answer 8

The breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces.

Question 9

Define dissolution.

Answer 9

When the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in a solution.

Question 10

Define emulsions.

Answer 10

Mixture of two liquids that don’t mix together in which one liquid is dispersed through the other by using a stabilizer called an emulsifier.

Question 11

Define sterile.

Answer 11

Free of all microorganisms.

Question 12

Define buffer system.

Answer 12

Ingredients in a formulation designed to control the pH.

Question 13

Define necrosis.

Answer 13

Increase in cell death.

Question 14

What size needle gauge is needed for an intravenous injection?

Answer 14

16-20

Question 15

What needle length is needed for an intravenous injection?

Answer 15

1-1.5”

Question 16

What size needle gauge is needed for an intramuscular injection?

Answer 16

19-22

Question 17

What needle length is needed for an intramuscular injection?

Answer 17

1-1.5”

Question 18

What size needle gauge is used for a subcutaneous injection?

Answer 18

24-27

Question 19

What needle length is needed for a subcutaneous injection?

Answer 19

3/8 - 1”

Question 20

What size needle gauge is needed for an intradermal injection?

Answer 20

25-26

Question 21

What needle length is needed for an intradermal injection?

Answer 21

3-8”

Question 22

What are the different intramuscular injection sites?

Answer 22

Deltoid, gluteus Maximus, ventrogluteal, gluteus medius, and vastus lateralis

Question 23

What are the different subcutaneous injection sites?

Answer 23

Lower abdomen, front of thigh, upper back, and back of upper arm.

Question 24

What is the intradermal injection site?

Answer 24

Anterior surface of the arm.

Question 25

Define syringeability.

Answer 25

The ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe.

Question 26

Define diluent.

Answer 26

A solvent that dissolves a freeze-dried powder or diluted a solution.

Question 27

Define injectability.

Answer 27

The ease of flow when a suspension is injected into a patient.

Question 28

Define depot.

Answer 28

The area of the muscle where the formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection.

Question 29

Define colloids.

Answer 29

Particles up to a hundred times smaller than those in suspensions that are, however, likewise suspended in a solution.

Question 30

Define viscosity.

Answer 30

Thickness of a liquid. A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.

Question 31

Define biocompatibility.

Answer 31

Not irritating; does not promote infection or abscess.

Question 32

Define wheal.

Answer 32

A raised blister-like area on the skin caused by intradermal injection.

Question 33

What is one major problem with ophthalmic formulation?

Answer 33

Loss of a dose by natural spillage from the eye.

Question 34

When is it recommended to use eye ointments? And why?

Answer 34

At night because eye ointments cause blurry vision.

Question 35

What is the lacrimal gland?

Answer 35

Glad that produces tears.

Question 36

What are lacrimal canaliculi?

Answer 36

Tear ducts.

Question 37

What is conjunctiva?

Answer 37

The eyelid lining.

Question 38

Define transcorneal transport.

Answer 38

Drug transfer into the eye.

Question 39

What is the capacity of the nasal cavity?

Answer 39

Approximately 20 ml

Question 40

What are the different types of intranasal formulation?

Answer 40

Solutions, suspensions, ointments, and gels.

Question 41

What are the different ways intranasal dosage can be lost?

Answer 41

Enzymes, mucus, and swallowing.

Question 42

What is an example of an adrenocorticoid steroid?

Answer 42

Beclomethasone.

Question 43

What are examples of bronchodilators?

Answer 43

Isoproterenol, metaproterenol, and albuterol.

Question 44

Define percutaneous absorption?

Answer 44

The absorption of drugs through the skin, often for systemic effect.

Question 45

What is the stratum corneum?

Answer 45

The outermost cell layer of the epidermis.

Question 46

What are the functions of dermal formulations?

Answer 46

Protectants, lubricants, emollients (drying agents), or delivery vehicle for a drug.

Question 47

What are the three layers of skin?

Answer 47

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 48

What happens when the stratum corneum hydrates?

Answer 48

Drugs can penetrate easier.

Question 49

What can cause hydration?

Answer 49

Eczema, and psoriasis.

Question 50

What are the most common dermal formulations?

Answer 50

Ointments, creams, gels, and lotions.

Question 51

What is the function of transdermal systems (patches, tapes, gauzes)?

Answer 51

To deliver drugs through the skin for a systemic effect.

Question 52

What are the functions of aerosols?

Answer 52

To apply anesthetic and antibiotic dosage for local effect.

Question 53

What are the advantages of vaginal formulation?

Answer 53

Avoids degradation, doses can be retrieved if necessary, and can provide long-term drug absorption.

Question 54

What are disadvantages of vaginal formulation?

Answer 54

Administration during menstruation may cause toxic shock syndrome, and variable absorption.

Question 55

What are examples of vaginal formulation?

Answer 55

Tablets (inserts), ointments, creams, aerosol foams, suppositories, and IUD

Question 56

What's is the pH level of the stomach?

Answer 56

1-2

Question 57

What is the pH level of the large intestine?

Answer 57

7-8

Question 58

What is the pH level of the small intestine?

Answer 58

5-7