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Psychology Testing > Chapter 7: Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

A

Based on a medical model of behavior and emotional problems

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2
Q

Multiaxial approach – 5 axes or dimensions

A
  1. Clinical syndromes
  2. Developmental disorders and personality disorders
  3. Physical disorders
  4. Severity of psychosocial stressors
  5. Level of adaptive functioning
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3
Q

New categories in DSM-5

A
  • Hoarding Disorder
  • Binge Eating Disorder
  • Excoriation Disorder
  • Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
  • Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
  • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
  • Social Communication Disorder
  • Somatic Symptom Disorder
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4
Q

Future DSM’s Ideas

A
  • Dimensional Model for Personality Disorders
  • Caffeine Use Disorder
  • Internet Use Gaming Disorder
  • Suicidal Behavior Disorder
  • Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
  • Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
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5
Q

What is the problem with comorbidity?

A

Comorbidity = 2 or more disorders for the same person

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6
Q

How does the book define mental disorder?

A

a psychological pattern associated with distress
and/or impairment of functioning that reflects dysfunction in the person. (p. 162)

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7
Q

What are the four ways of assessing mental disorders?

A
  1. Ask person directly - Use an interview or a self-report inventory
  2. Ask someone who knows the person – interview or rating scale
  3. Observe the person in their natural environment
  4. Observe the person in a standardized-test situation
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8
Q

What is the purpose of having tests for psychopathology?

A
  • Answer a focused or specific diagnostic question
  • Explain in a broad way the client’s dynamics, psychological functioning, and personality structure
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9
Q

How is a clinical interview described?

A

a conversation with a purpose

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10
Q

Structured vs. unstructured clinical interviews

A

Structured: follows interview schedule (series of questions)

Unstructured: open questions, “how do you feel about…”

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11
Q

For clinical interviews, what are some of the things the Mental Status Exam (MSE) look at?

A
  • Appearance
  • Behavior
  • Orientation
  • Memory
  • Sensorium
  • Mood and affect
  • Intellectual functioning
  • Perceptual processes
  • Thought content
  • Thought process
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12
Q

Describe the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID)

A
  • Semi-structured interview
  • Covers nine diagnostic areas
  • Trained interviewers
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13
Q

Describe the Symptom Checklist 90R (SCL-90R)

A

A commonly used screening inventory
Brief self-report measure to evaluate psychopathological problems and symptoms, as well as outcomes of treatment
90 items
assess degree of distress over the past 7 days
ages 13 and older
10-15 min
5-point scale
High validity, reliability, and utility

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14
Q

Describe the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI)

A

Developed empirically to differentiate between normal subjects and psychiatric patients
a screening device not a diagnostic instrument
130 true-false items
Five scales: alienation, social nonconformity, discomfort, expression, defensiveness

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15
Q

Describe the five scales of Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI)

A

alienation:
social nonconformity:
discomfort:
expression:
defensiveness:

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16
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
What was the original purpose?
Name some Characteristics.

A

Original Purpose: Clinical prediction and personality description
Widely used objective personality measure
Assesses both personality structure and psychopathology—used more in clinical settings than as a fun, one-off personality test

Characteristics
* Easily administered and scored
* 6th grade reading level (MMPI)
* 8th grade reading level (MMPI-2)
* 60-90 minutes
* Interpretation
o Pattern or configuration of scales is important
* Reliability
o Test-retest is adequate
o Stability of configuration – not great
* Validity
o Compared MMPI profiles to relevant criterion groups
o Identify reliable nontest behavioral correlates
o Accuracy of interpretations of MMPI with clinicians

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17
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
Current version? Items? Scales?

A

Currently using the MMPI-2-RF (2008)
338 items over 51 scales
Items are nonredundant—this is actually a shorter version of the test!

Recommended for administration on the computer
Includes possibility of comparing to reference groups

18
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
What are the 10 Clinical Scales?

A
  1. Hypochondriasis
  2. Depression
  3. Hysteria
  4. Psychopathic Deviate
  5. Masculinity/Femininity
  6. Paranoia
  7. Psychasthenia
  8. Schizophrenia
  9. Hypomania
    10.Social Introversion
19
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
What are the 4 validity scales in the original and what are the 3 that were added in the second?

A

4 Validity Scales
1. Lie (L) – “Faking good” – items most people would not endorse
2. Infrequency (F) – Fewer than 10% of normal samples would endorse
3. Cannot say (CNS) – non-responding; items left blank
4. K – clinical defensiveness; differentiated between normal and psychiatric patients with normal profiles; suppressor variable

Added to the MMPI-2
5. Backpage Infrequency (Fb) – random responses on the back half of questions
6. Variable inconsistency (VRIN) – responses to item pairs with similar or opposite content
7. True response inconsistency (TRIN) – responses to item pairs with

20
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
Criterion keying, who was it based on?

A

Developers determined whether an item differentiated two groups: psychiatric group versus “normal” group

21
Q

MMPI History: How were norms developed? What were some problems with the norms?

A

1943: developed at University of Minnesota using empirical keying approach–NOT psychodynamic
* Major validity and generalizability issues
* Reference group was small and mostly consisted of people with the same/similar SES
Norms represent late-1930s to early-1940s Minnesotans
* Terminology being used was not relevant to population being tested
* Many disorders were eluded

22
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2
What improvements were made?

A
  • Standardized on a large, more representative sample (collected in mid 1980s)
  • Clinical Scales left intact
  • New items introduced via Content Scales
  • New Validity Scales (VRIN, TRIN, Fb)
  • Initial Skepticism
  • Relatively quick acceptance by clinicians
  • Disappointment by (some of) the scholarly community
23
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2
What were the new validity scales added?

A
24
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2

A
25
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2-RF 2008
Name the “creators” and the overall objective.

A

Ben-Porath & Tellegen (2008)

Overall Objective: Represent the clinically significant substance of the MMPI-2 item pool with a comprehensive set of psychometrically adequate measures:
* Improve efficiency
* Enhance construct validity

26
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2-RF
What was were thier strategies?

A

Overall Strategy:
* First restructure the Clinical Scales (resulting in the
Restructured Clinical [RC] Scales)
* Then augment the RC Scales with needed additional
measures

27
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2-RF
What were the five scales added?

A
  • Higher-Order
  • Specific Problems
  • Interest
  • PSY-5
  • Validity
28
Q

MMPI History: MMPI-2-RF

A
  • Theoretically grounded and hierarchical scale structure
  • The following were reported in the MMPI-2-RF Technical Manual
    o Adequate reliability
    o Good evidence of construct validity
    o Broad range of replicable empirical correlates reflected in interpretive recommendations in MMPI-2-RF Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation
29
Q

MMPI-2

A

Content analysis of the items led to the development of content subscales
111 critical items have been identified which were reflective of severe psychopathology
Factor analysis showed two dimensions:
1. Anxiety or general maladjustment
2. Repression or neuroticism

30
Q

MMPI-2

A

Over the years, over 500 additional scales have been developed from the pool of MMPI items
Examples: Ego Strength, MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, Psychopathology Five, Prejudice, Social status, Dominance, Success in baseball
“The MMPI is not so much a test as a set of responses from which any number of scales might be devised” (Murphy & Davidshofer, 2004, p. 492)

31
Q

MMPI-2: Reliability

A
  • Test-retest is adequate
  • Alpha coefficients for normative samples had a range from .34 to .87, but scale is heterogeneous
32
Q

MMPI-2: Validity

A
  • Complex issue
  • Three categories
    • Studies that have compared the MMPI profiles of
      relevant criterion groups which have found significant
      differences
    • Identify reliable nontest behavioral correlates
      * There are correlates, but generalizability may
      not always be good
    • MMPI results and the clinician’s interpretations
      which aren’t as supportive
33
Q

MMPI-2: Are there racial differences?

A

Racial differences have been found, but study results are inconclusive.

Larger differences between African-Americans and whites, than those found with Hispanic and white subjects.

34
Q

MMPI-3: What is the response format?

A

True/False versus Polytomous
Outcome: Retain T/F format

35
Q

MMPI-3: What improvements were made?

A

Awkward/dated wording
Simplification
I love to go to dances. in now, I love to go dancing.
I am apt to take (now, likely to feel) disappointments so keenly (now, strongly) that I can’t put them out of my mind.
* 43 simplified items retained for MMPI-3 development

36
Q

MMPI-3: Reason for new item development? Method of development?

A

New item development
* Objective: Identify content missing from, or insufficiently represented by the MMPI-2-RF item pool
Method:
* Consultation with 12 MMPI-2-RF experts
* Review of existing measures
* Development of 135 Trial Items
Outcome:
* 95 trial items; candidates for inclusion on the MMPI-3

37
Q

MMPI-3: What are some new scales?

A
  • Combined Response Inconsistency (CRIN)
  • Eating Concerns (EAT)
  • Compulsivity (CMP)
  • Impulsivity (IMP)
  • Self-Importance (SFI)
38
Q

MMPI-3: How many items were changed, added, and dropped?

A
  • 72 new items added
  • 75 MMPI-2-RF items dropped
    MMPI-3: 335 items
  • 220 original MMPI (47 revised for MMPI-2 or MMPI-3)
  • 43 MMPI-2 items (5 revised for MMPI-3)
  • 72 new MMPI-3
    Reading level remains grade 4.5
  • (Flesch-Kincaid)

Substantially Modified:
* Anxiety (AXY) Anxiety-Related Experiences (ARX)
* Stress/Worry (STW) Stress (STR); Worry (WRY)
* Interpersonal Passivity (IPP) Dominance (DOM)
Dropped:
* Gastrointestinal Complaints (GIC), Head Pain Complaints (HPC)
* Multiple Specific Fears (MSF)
* Aesthetic/Literary Interests (AES)
* Mechanical/Physical Interests (MEC)

39
Q

MMPI-3: How many scales? Describe them.

A

52 Scales
* 10 Validity Scales
* 3 Higher-Order Scales
* 8 RC Scales
* 26 Specific Problems Scales
* 4 Somatic/Cognitive
* 10 Internalizing
* 7 Externalizing
* 5 Interpersonal
* 5 PSY-5 Scales

40
Q

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

A

Published in 1977
Biopsychosocial view of personality functioning and psychopathology
Tried to address the criticisms of the MMPI
Two dimensions:
1. Source of reinforcement
2. Pattern of coping behavior

41
Q

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

A

Clinical scales consistent with DSM
175 brief, self-descriptive true-false statements
24 Clinical scales
12-24 overlapping items which can appear in as many as 3 scales,
but with different weights

42
Q

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI):
What were the four main categories?

A
  • Clinical Personality Patterns
  • Clinical Syndromes
  • Severe Personality Pathology
  • Severe Syndromes

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