Chapter 7 - Physical And Cognitive Development

Question 1

Corpus callosum

Answer 1

The thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain.

Question 2

Plasticity

Answer 2

The ability to compensate for injuries to particular areas in the brain. (Greatest at 1-2 yrs old)

Question 3

Gross motor skills

Answer 3

Skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion.

Question 4

Rough & Tumble play vs. Aggressive play

Answer 4

Rough & Tumble play: helps develop physical and social skills. (Running, chasing, making faces)
Aggressive play: hitting, pushing, taking

Question 5

Minor illnesses

Answer 5

Respiratory infections such as colds, vommitting, diarrhea

Question 6

Sleep terror vs. Nightmare

Answer 6

Sleep terror: occur during deep sleep; usually begin in childhood or early adolescence. (More severe)

Nightmare: take place during lighter rapid-eye-movement.

Question 7

Enuresis

Answer 7

Failure to control the bladder (urination). Bladder control is normally reached at maximum 5 yrs. of age.

Question 8

Encopresis

Answer 8

Failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control (7-8) has been reached. Also called soiling.

Question 9

Symbolic play

Answer 9

Pretend type of play in which children make believe that objects are other than what they are.

Question 10

Egocentrism

Answer 10

Putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view.

Question 11

Conservation

Answer 11

The principle in cognitive psychology that states that the properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same (conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed.

Question 12

Centration

Answer 12

Focusing on an aspect or characteristic of a situation or problem. Focuses on one dimension at a time.

Question 13

Class inclusion

Answer 13

Categorizing a new object or concept as belonging to a broader group of objects or concepts. (Pre operational children do not view dogs as animals but dogs as dogs.)

Question 14

Scaffolding

Answer 14

A component of interaction with the child that refers to temporary learning support provided by a parent or teacher.

Question 15

Theory of mind

Answer 15

A common sense understanding of how the mind works.

Question 16

Scripts

Answer 16

Abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events.

Question 17

Rehearsal

Answer 17

Repetition

Question 18

Fast mapping

Answer 18

A process of quickly determining a words meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development.

Question 19

Whole object assumption

Answer 19

The assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their component parts or characteristics.

Question 20

Overregularization

Answer 20

Children acquire grammatical rules as they learn language. Ex: walk-walked. (Adding suffix & prefixes)

Question 21

Inner speech

Answer 21

Vtgotsky’s concept of the ultimate bonding of language and thought. Inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regulate the child’s behavior and becomes internalized by age 6-7.