Chapter 7: Pathophysiology

Question 1

Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?
  Mitochondria 
  Potassium pump 
  Endoplasmic reticulum 
  Nucleus

Answer 1

Mitochondria

CORRECT. Energy for the cell is produced largely by the mitochondria, the structures responsible for the conversion of glucose and other nutrients into energy.

Question 2

The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
  Sodium potassium pump 
  Mitochondria 
  Nucleus 
  Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 2

Sodium potassium pump

Question 3

The most vulnerable part of the cell is the:
  membrane. 
  mitochondria. 
  nucleus. 
  DNA.

Answer 3

membrane.

Question 4

The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:
  glucose. 
  water. 
  oxygen. 
  protein.

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

What is the type of metabolism that occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?
  Hypoxic 
  Aerobic 
  Homeostatic 
  Anaerobic

Answer 5

Aerobic

Question 6

The respiratory system moves air in and out; however, to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells, the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system.
  defuse 
  register 
  perfuse 
  hyperoxygenate

Answer 6

Perfuse

Question 7

What is the best description of the chest’s mechanical functions?

a) The diaphragm contracts, causing the intercostal muscles that are attached to the lungs to also contract, which moves the air into the lungs.
b) The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
c) The chest is a closed space, and the pleural space surrounds the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles expand, the chest and lungs move outward and downward, allowing expiration and gas exchange in the lungs.
d) With the chest being an airtight space, the act of breathing occurs when the the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, which causes the lungs to expand and air to flow into the lungs.

Answer 7

The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.

Question 8

What is a patent airway?

a) A rigid suction device used to remove fluid and foreign objects from the pharynx to secure the airway
b) The condition of the patient’s airway at the start of a lifesaving intervention
c) A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life
d) An airway that is in need of securing via an oral or nasal pharyngeal airway

Answer 8

A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life

Question 9

What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?
Nose, hyperpharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, bronchi, alveoli

Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, crania, alveoli

Nose, pharynx, hypopharynx, epiglottis, trachea, crania, mainstem bronchi, alveoli

Nose, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Answer 9

Nose, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Question 10

The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset diffusion, which is defined as:

the exchange of gases in the bronchi.

the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.

the ability of the lungs to expand equally during inspiration.

maintaining enough positive pressure in the pleural space to keep the lungs from collapsing.

Answer 10

the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.

Question 11

In normal exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. This is what type of process?
  Respiration 
  Active 
  Inspiration 
  Passive

Answer 11

Passive

Question 12

The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen, also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, within the body.
  hypovolemia 
  hypertension 
  hypoxia 
  hypoperfusion

Answer 12

hypoxia

Question 13

Damage to the electrical system of the heart can cause it to beat too fast, a condition called:
  tachycardia. 
  bradycardia. 
  trauma. 
  heart attack.

Answer 13

tachycardia

Question 14

A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO2 reading is 84 percent. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume. Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:
  glucose. 
  carbon dioxide. 
  oxygen. 
  pH.

Answer 14

carbon dioxide

Question 15

A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
  constricted pupils. 
  increased pulse. 
  sweaty skin. 
  increased respirations.

Answer 15

constricted blood vessels

Question 16

The human body is made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent water.
  17.5 
  75 
  7.5 
  60

Answer 16

60

Question 17

Daniel has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused by:
  hypotension. 
  hyperthermia. 
  dehydration. 
  tachycardia.

Answer 17

dehydration

Question 18

An infection of the protective covering for the brain and spinal cord is called:
  Lou Gehrig's disease.
  meningitis. 
  multiple sclerosis. 
  encephalitis.

Answer 18

meningitis

Question 19

Graves' disease is an example of a condition caused by:
  adrenal insufficiency. 
  too many hormones. 
  gastrointestinal bleeding. 
  damage to the medulla oblongata.

Answer 19

too many hormones

Question 20

Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the following?
  Dilation of the vessels 
  Constriction of the vessels 
  Contraction of the heart 
  Large proteins

Answer 20

large proteins