Chapter 7 : Overcoming Fire Fighter Equipment Challenges

Question 1

(Turnout gear, page 125) what are the three separate layers for structural turnout gear?

Answer 1

Thermal layer, moisture barrier, and the outer shell.

Question 2

(Turnout gear, page 126) what is the NFPA for structural firefighting gear ensemble?

Answer 2

NFPA 1971

Also, on page 127: establishes minimum performance requirements for PPE, specifies the toughest methods by which the PPE will be measured. More than 70 test specified in NFPA, 1971.

Question 3

(Turnout gear, page 126) NFPA, standard for selection, care and maintenance of turnout gear?

Answer 3

NFPA 1851

Question 4

(Turnout gear, page 126) what does the text say is the most important component of the turnout gear and has the biggest impact on thermal protection and heat stress reduction?

Answer 4

Thermal liner

Question 5

(Turnout gear, page 126). What two layers account for up to 75% of the thermal protective performance?

Answer 5

Thermal liner, and moisture barrier

Question 6

(Turnout gear, page 126). The _________ _______ trap air in and between layers of non-woven material that is quilted.

Answer 6

Thermal liner

Question 7

(Turnout gear, page 126) the ideal combination of material, for the thermal liner offers: (4 things)

Answer 7

Wickability, mobility, comfort, and moisture management

Question 8

(Turnout gear, page 126) thermal liners that contain multi layer, non-woven materials, absorb, _______ moisture, and remain _______, ________ and ________?

Answer 8

Less moisture, and remain dry, or thinner and lighter

Question 9

(Turnout gear, page 126) the moisture barriers provides resistance to? (3thing)

Answer 9

Water chemicals and viral agents

Question 10

(Turnout gear, page 126) the moisture barrier is constructed with an expanded ____________ permeable film barrier laminated to a woven or non-woven flame resistant material

Answer 10

PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene

Question 11

(Turnout gear, page 127) which part of a firefighters turnout gear provides 25 to 30% of total thermal protection?

Answer 11

The outer shell

Question 12

(Turnout gear, page 127) how are cotton base layers detrimental to fire fighting?

Answer 12

They do not as cyst and wicking, will hold, moisture, and potentially add to the risk of steam burns.

Question 13

(Turnout gear, page 127) NFPA, 1971, vertical flame test evaluates:

Answer 13

The flame resistance of PPE.

Question 14

(Turnout gear, page 127) and NFPA, 1971 vertical flame test the material is exposed to flame for _____ seconds, and must self extinguish air ____ seconds. The char length of the material after exposure must not exceed ____ inches and the material cannot _______, ______, or ______.

Answer 14

12.
2
4
Cannot melt drip or ignite.

Question 15

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) the _______ _______ _______ is a convective heat exposure. Used as an evaluation technique for materials under catastrophic conditions and isn’t intended to replicate field conditions.

Answer 15

Forced air oven test

Question 16

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) the forced air oven test conditions, materials shall not melt, drip or ignite. After exposure to _____ degrees Fahrenheit for _____ minutes and fabrics cannot shrink more than _____ percent in any direction.

Answer 16

500°F for five minutes and fabulous cannot shrink more than 10% in any direction

Question 17

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) the ______ _____ ______ rating is the most familiar value associated with a garments thermal performance.

Answer 17

Thermal protective performance (TPP)

Question 18

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) the _____ _____ ______ represents the emergency fire, fighting conditions where there are high thermal, exposures, such as during flashover or Backdraft, a

Answer 18

TPP or thermal protective performance?

Question 19

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) TPP, turnout gear levels range from the minimum of ______ to more than_____.

Answer 19

A minimum of 35 to more than 50.
This is not including thermal, enhancements and enforcements. It does not include materials before they are washed.

Question 20

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) laundering of garments _____ the loft on the air spaces in fabrics, which create a _____ TPP value

Answer 20

Increases.
Higher

Question 21

(Turn out gear testing, page 128) thicker and heavier Materials will generally have ______ TPP levels. However, the ability to trap more air inside the system will also ______ the TPP level.

Answer 21

Higher.
Boost

Question 22

(Turn out gear, TPP, test, page 128) a time and temperature graph called _____ ______ the is used to quantify the level of heat and time duration for a second-degree burn.

Answer 22

Stoll Curve

The curve is only accurate to 30 seconds and thus values over 60 TPP are extrapolated.

Question 23

(Turnout, gear, testing, TPP, page 128) if your gear has a rating of ____, you only have ___ seconds to retreat to safety, extinguish, or kill the flashover before the rapidly progressing. Fire burns you.

Answer 23

35
17.5

Question 24

(Turnout, gear, testing, TPP, page 128) many sets of turnout gear, have more than _____ percent of the surface area, reinforced by additional fabrics, such as overlap, pocketing, trim, and other component components, which can increase the TPP value

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

(PPE test, page 129) the ______________ test, evaluates the areas of the PPE garment that commonly become compressed – specifically, the knees and shoulders – to further evaluate garment performance.

Answer 25

Compressive, conductive, heat resistance test(CCHR)

Question 26

(PE test, CC, HR test, page 129) the shoulder area is tested under _____ psi of pressure to approximate the weight of an SBA, 2 inch strap when carrying a four cylinder, and the knee area is tested under _______ psi of pressure, the approximate force of the average 180 pound fire fighter exerts when kneeling or crawling.

Answer 26

2
8

Question 27

(PPE testing, page 129) SET test?

Answer 27

stored energy test

Question 28

(PPE testing stored energy test, 129) The SAT test, uses lower energy source and longer exposure. Time to simulate routine, an ordinary fire fighter conditions. the SAT is performed on the garments slaves were there are no enhancements to the outer shell, disability markings, elbow, reinforcements, or other additions. The composite must not produce a secondary degree burn in less than _____ seconds.

Answer 28

130

Question 29

(PPE tests, page 130) ______ simply means the gear allows moisture vapor to escape

Answer 29

Breathable

Question 30

(PPE, Tess, page 130). ________ is the test in an NFPA standard used to determine the turnouts composites ability to lose heat.

Answer 30

Total heat loss THL

Question 31

(I PPE test, breathability test, page 131) USF, a fire, fighter fatality, statistics continue to show nearly ____ percent a firefighter deaths annually are due to cardiac and stroke events.

Answer 31

50

Question 32

(PPE test, breathability test, page 131) _______ can lead to an increase in core temperature and heart rate

Answer 32

Heat stress

Question 33

(I PPE test, page 131) standard on selection, care and maintenance of protective ensembles for structural fire, fighting and proximity fire fighting?

Answer 33

NFPA 1851

Question 34

(PPE test, page 131) are NFPA, 1851 mandates that an inspection of all turnout gear ensembles be conducted at a minimum of every ____ months.

Answer 34

12

Departments should also include an assessment of how the gear fits each member each year during the annual gear inspection.

Question 35

(I inspection and maintenance of PPE, routine and post exposure cleaning) members should consider wiping down skin in the area of the (5)

Answer 35

Neck, jawline, hands, face, and other heavily exposed areas with premoistened wipes.

Question 36

(Inspection of PPE, page 132) after a fire, in departments, where members have two sets of gear, and where the second set is easily accessible, the gear should be

Answer 36

Immediately placed into a bag following exposure.

Question 37

(Inspection, and maintenance of PPE, page 132) gear should not be brought into the cab of the apparatus, and gear that has only been ________ ________ should be bad at the scene for transport back to the station

Answer 37

Grossly decontaminated

Question 38

(Inspection, and maintenance of PPE, page 132) research has shown that the gear as well as any unclean, fire equipment will continue ____________ , creating a toxic environment inside the cab of the apparatus.

Answer 38

Offgassing

Question 39

(Inspection, and maintenance of PPE, page 133) many proactive departments have a gear washing program that includes washing (three things)

Answer 39

Hoods, gloves, and helmet liners.

Question 40

(PPE inspection and maintenance, storage, page 134) placing the gear and storage containers, protects it from ________ _______, which prematurely, ages, weekends, and a

Answer 40

Ultraviolet light

Question 41

(Turnout, gear, selection, page 134) the most important factor in the selection of turnout gear, is to match the specific fabric combination and specifications of ternal garments with the key department criteria. One fabric manufacturer has over _______ combinations of fabrics to offer an end-user.

Answer 41

3500

Question 42

(Turnout, gear, selection, page 134) to provide the maximum amount of protection for the firefighters wearing them, turnout gear, garments must balance the need for thermal protection, and for reducing the stress that the gear adds. (5 things) Are all important considerations when selecting turnout gear.

Answer 42

Mobility, breathability, comfort, moisture protection, thermal, protective performance, and total heat loss.

Question 43

(Are PPE, turnout, gear, selection, risk assessment, page 134) a_____ _______ identifies that hazards department personnel may encounter and the course of their duties, and describes appropriate levels of personal protection to operate safely and effectively in those conditions

Answer 43

risk assessment

Question 44

(a turnout gear selection, page 134) NFPA, 1851: standard on selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles for structural firefighting and proximity, fire fighting, and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132, require fire departments to perform a _____ ______ prior to starting the selection process of structural and proximity, firefighting, ensembles, and ensemble elements

Answer 44

risk assessment

Question 45

(Are PPE, page 136) NFPA, 1500

Answer 45

Standard on fire department, occupational safety health, and wellness program

Question 46

(Page 136) NFPA standard on protective ensemble for structural firefighting in proximity fire fighting

Answer 46

NFPA, 1971

Question 47

(PPE, page 136) NFPA provides for the minimum availability of sizes for chess leave waste, and then same as well as requiring specific patterns for men and women, but the standard doesn’t provide for ________ ______ _______.

Answer 47

Different body shapes

Question 48

(PPE, sizing page 136) NFPA standard _____ speaks to fit only in terms of required overlap between the jacket and pants – at least a ___ inch overlap of all layers – so there’s no gap in the total thermal protection from when both protective garments are worn. The standard for further specifies how does overlap shall be measured on the wearer without a SXBA in two positions:

Answer 48

NFPA standard 1500
At least a 2 inch overlap of all layers
1.standing, hands together, reaching overhead as high as possible.
2.Standing, hands together, reaching overhead with body bent forward at a 90° angle, to the left or right and back.

Question 49

(PPE, energy flows from high to low, page 137) what we know is that turn off gear become saturated with _____, and that _____ passes through the to the fire fighter. Gear is intended to absorb ______ to keep it away from getting to the fire fighter inside, but after the gear has already absorbed what it can, any additional ______ can pass through to the low temperature fire fighter inside the encapsulation.

Answer 49

Energy

Question 50

(PPE, page 137) what are the most important pieces of the ensemble of protective equipment is our______

Answer 50

SCBA

Question 51

(Thermal, imager’s, page 140) thermal imager’s cannot be used to assess…

Answer 51

Structural integrity from above. This specific consideration was found after multiple test showed that thermal imaging cameras were ineffective at indicating floor collapse.

Question 52

(Portable radio, page 142) three critical reasons why the pocket radio is unsafe?

Answer 52

radio, signal loss, portable, radio injection, melting of the remote speaker mic

Question 53

(three critical reasons why the radio pocket is unsafe, radio, signal loss, page 142) users should I expect a ___ dB signal loss when stored in the pocket while crawling, which diminishes the power of a 3 watt radio to 0.01 watts.

Answer 53

30

Question 54

(Three critical reasons why the radio pocket is unsafe, portable, radio, ejection, page 142) there was a __% ejection rate from the radio pocket in both the floor, drop evolution and G emergency procedures evolution

Answer 54

40

Question 55

(Three critical reasons, why the radio pocket is unsafe, remote, speaker, mic, page 142) when the RSM wire melts and braided wires, are exposed the radio shorts in the open position. This may result in a loss of functionality for the individual user for cause the RSM to short in such a way that the affected radio transmits continuously, creating an open mic situation there for jamming all communications on the fire ground.