Chapter 7 Memory

Question 1

Name a patient who was unable to form new conscious memories due to a surgical procedure that removed much of his hippocampus to stop severe seizures?

Answer 1

Henry Molaison

Question 2

What disease begins as a difficulty remembering new information that progresses onto the inability to do everyday tasks? Complex speech becomes simple sentences. Family members and close friends become strangers. The brain’s memory centers once strong become weak and wither away.

Answer 2

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 3

The average person permanently stores and recognizes about how many faces as of 2018?

Answer 3

5000 faces

Question 4

What experiences can we recall details with high accuracy?

Answer 4

Recent experiences

Question 5

What type of recognizer displays an extraordinary face-recognition ability?

Answer 5

Super-recognizers

Question 6

What is memory?

Answer 6

An archive of accumulated learning. A system for holding information in mind and working on it that also receives and processes previously stored information.

Question 7

What does memory enable us to do?

Answer 7

Enjoy an experience then mentally replay it and enjoy it again. The ongoing sense of self that extends from distant past to momentary present.

Question 8

What does the information-processing model compare?

Answer 8

Compares human memory with a computers operations.

Question 9

What are the steps of the information-processing model?

Answer 9

encode-get information into the brain…
store-retain that information…
retrieve-later get that information back out…

Question 10

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed three memory formation stages?

Answer 10

1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory.
2. From there, we process information into short-term memory, where we encode it through rehearsal.
3. Finally, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval.

Question 11

What stage of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s memory formation stages does automatic processing skip?

Answer 11

Working/short-term memory

Question 12

What stage of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s memory formation stages is sensory input assimilated?

Answer 12

External event toward sensory memory.

Question 13

What stage of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s memory formation stages is attention to important or novel information assimilated?

Answer 13

The encoding process in-between sensory memory toward working/short-term memory.

Question 14

What stage of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s memory formation stages does rehearsal and active maintenance occur?

Answer 14

Working/short-term memory.

Question 15

What stage of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s memory formation stages does encoding and retrieval both occur?

Answer 15

Encoding: working/short-term memory toward long-term memory storage.
Retrieving: long-term memory storage toward working/short-term memory.

Question 16

Focused attention does what?

Answer 16

Allows integration of memory inputs with existing long-term memory and preventing the fading of information.

Question 17

If information Is believed to be readily accessible people will expend less # and remember it # well?

Answer 17

People invested less energy in remembering it and they remembered it less well.

Question 18

If you hear eye-scream you may?

Answer 18

Encode it as ice cream or I scream, depending on both your experience and the context.

Question 19

Cultural traditions can influence what how we about information?

Answer 19

Cultural traditions influence how we encode and retrieve information.

Question 20

Auditory rehearsal is a strategy of?

Answer 20

Repeating information

Question 21

Working memory helps us integrate our previous…

Answer 21

Experiences to make smart decisions.

Question 22

When information skips #stage of Atkinson-Shiffrin model to # without our awareness. These # memories form without our conscious effort. # memories formed through # bypass the # track of the two-track mind theme. Which is the # track?

Answer 22

When information skips the working/short-term memory stage of Atkinson-Shiffrin model to long-term memory storage without our awareness. These implicit (non-declarative) memories form without our conscious effort. Implicit memories formed through automatic processing bypass the conscious encoding track. Which is the first track.

Question 23

When information is processed through Atkinson-Shiffrin # $ # $# $# -# #
#-
model. On the # track we process our # memories of the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare. We encode many # memories through conscious, #. Which is the # track?

Answer 23

When information is processed through Atkinson-Shiffrin model.
External event. Add sensory input by, include string to. Sensory memory. Addor1 automatic processing by, include string to. Long-term memory storage. Add attention to important or novel information by, include string encoding to. Working/short-term memory. Addpostreturn rehearsal and active maintenance by, working/short-term memory. Include string encoding to. Long-term memory storage. Include string retrieving to. Working/short-term memory.

On the conscious track we process our explicit (declarative) memories of the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare. We encode many explicit memories through conscious, effortful processing. Which is the second track.

Question 24

Our two-track mind, then helps us # information through both # tracks. Which track is 1 and which track is 2?

Answer 24

Our two-track mind, then, helps us encode, store, and retrieve information through both automatic and effortful tracks. Track 1 is automatic. Track 2 is effortful.

Question 25

Memory

Answer 25

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval, of information.

Question 26

Encoding

Answer 26

The process of getting information into the memory system.

Question 27

Storage

Answer 27

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Question 28

Retrieval

Answer 28

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Question 29

Sensory memory

Answer 29

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 30

Short-term memory

Answer 30

Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.

Question 31

Long-term memory

Answer 31

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 32

Working memory

Answer 32

A newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 33

Implicit memory

Answer 33

Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness. (Also called nondecalarative memory)

Question 34

Automatic processing

Answer 34

Unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.

Question 35

Explicit memory

Answer 35

Retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve. (Also called declarative memory)

Question 36

Effortful processing

Answer 36

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 37

If once attacked by a dog, years later you may, without recalling the conditioned association, automatically tense up when a dog approaches.

Answer 37

Such memory’s are implicit because we react automatically without any conscious effort.

Question 38

The sequence of the days events that’s allows the retracing of steps. Is the implicit memory of?

Answer 38

Time

Question 39

While reading you can encode the space where you left off and later may visualize the location where you want to retrieve the information. This is implicit memory of?

Answer 39

Space

Question 40

Your mind keeps track of how often things have happened enabling you to realize that this is not the first card you have studied. This is the implicit memory of?

Answer 40

Frequency

Question 41

Parallel processing such as thinking, vision and memory are assigned through subtasks in many separate areas for simultaneous processing. This is because?

Answer 41

The two track mind track one automatically tucks away routine details while track two focuses on conscious effortful processing.

Question 42

With experience and practice through learnings effortful processing allows tasks to become?

Answer 42

Automatic