Chapter 7- Mass Transport Flashcards
What are the components of blood?
Plasma
Red blood cells
Platelets
White blood cells
What are the % of plasma in the blood, cells in the blood?
Plasma= 55%
Cells in suspension= 45%
What is plasma made from?
90% water 10% dissolved substances- including: •plasma proteins • nutrients • wastes e.g urea • mineral salts • hormones • gases
What is tissue fluid?
The watery liquid surrounding cells (their immediate environment, it bathed the body cells)
How do substances leave the capillaries into the tissue fluid?
Through the fenestra/ capillary pores
What does the lymphatic system do
- Helps to get rid of harmful body toxins, waste and other unwanted material produced by cells
- transport white blood cells throughout the body to fight infections
Whats the role of the heart in tissue fluid formation
- contraction of the ventricles crests high blood/ hydrostatic pressure.
- this forces water and dissolved substances out of the capillaries forming tissue fluid
What are the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease?
Smoking Diabetes Physical activity Obesity High cholesterol High BP Genetics Gender Age Ethnicity
What is cholesterol?
It’s a waxy lipid found in the cell membrane and is produced in the liver and travels through ur blood stream
What does LDL stand for?
Is it the good or bad cholesterol? Why?
Low density lipoprotein
Bad- because it can build up in your arteries which cause them to narrow and may cause blockages.
This can lead to strokes and heart attacks
What does HDL stand for?
Is it’s the good or bad cholesterol? Why?
- High density lipoprotein
* Good- as it transports the LDL away from the arteries and prevents blockages back to the liver
What is the Bohr effect?
When Co2 lowers the blood pH ( by forming carbonic acid) which causes haemoglobin to realease O2
What are 3 factors that cause the Bohr effect?
- High Co2 concentration
- Low blood pH
- High temperature
Describe and explain two ways in which red blood cells are adapted to oxygen transport (4marks)
- biconcave shape- provides a high SA:V ratio
- meaning there’s a short diffusion pathway for O2 - Red blood cells lack a nucleus
- more space for haemoglobin
Mammals that live at different altitudes often have different haemoglobin. Suggest how a mammals haemoglobin might be adapted to live at high altitude. (1mark)
•They have a HIGHER (don’t allow just high) affinity to oxygen
Haemoglobin can change shape. Explain how a change in shape causes the oxyhemoglobin dissociation graph to be an S shape. (2marks)
- !!COOPERATIVE BINDING
- After the first oxygen molecule binds it causes a shape change.
- Means O2 can binds more easily
- 4th O2 is harder to bind as there is only one space left.
With reference to the different partial pressure of O2 (ppO2) throughout the body explain how haemoglobin supplies O2 to different areas of the human body. ( 3marks)
- Haemoglobin is loaded with O2 in an area of higher ppO2.
- There’s higher ppO2 in lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.
- O2 in unloaded in a place of lower ppO2.
- There’s lower ppO2 in capillaries and tissues.
Describe the structure of a haemoglobin
It has a Quaternary structure, made of 4 polypeptide chains. Each with a hawk group which contains a Fe2+
When can it be said that a haemoglobin is saturated?
When all 4 O2 molecules have bonded to the 4 iron ions (haem group) and no more O2 can be loaded
What is the Bohr effect?
- Oxyhemoglobin dissociation graph shift to the right
- when CO2 from respiring tissues bings to the oxyhemoglobin make the affinity to O2 lower.
- Releases O2 easier into the respiring tissues
