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Soc 224: Textbook > Chapter 7: Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance Flashcards

1
Q

Physical appearance is a stimulus for…

A

Social Typing

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2
Q

Physical appearance can be…

A

Voluntary or Involuntary

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3
Q

Body Projects

A

the ways in which each of us adapts, changes, or controls characteristics of our bodies and whether those characteristics are voluntary or involuntary.

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4
Q

Name the 4 kinds of body projects

A

Camouflaging projects
Extending projects
Adapting projects
Redesigning projects

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5
Q

Camouflaging Projects

A

normative techniques of body manipulation learned in socialization processes; attempts to aesthetically enhance one’s body.
-makeup

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6
Q

Extending Projects

A

attempt to overcome one’s physical limitations

-contact lenses, cane

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7
Q

Adapting Projects

A

parts of the body are removed or repaired for a host of aesthetic or medical reasons.
-weight loss, muscle building, laser hair removal.

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8
Q

Redesigning Projects

A

Reconstructing the body in lasting ways.

-plastic surgery, tattoos, piercings.

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9
Q

According to the objective perspective, what do bodies tell us?

A

bodies tell us about the characteristics of individuals involved in particular body projects

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10
Q

According to the subjective perspective, what do bodies tell us?

A

bodies tell us about the self, identity formation, and how people come to understand themselves and attribute meaning to their physical appearance
-bodies also tell us about the characteristics of the broader society and culture

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11
Q

Master Status

A

a category we immediately place people in upon seeing them, which subsequently defines who the person is.
->Physical Appearance

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12
Q

In regards to body modification, the objectivists emphasize which 2 central issues?

A

Motivation & risk

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13
Q

When studying body modification, subjectivists focus on…

A

the role of body modification in understanding and developing meanings of the self in relation to others and within a broader societal and cultural framework.

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14
Q

The ‘self’ is not purely individual, but emerges from…

A

processes of social interaction

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15
Q

Dramaturgical perspective on body modification

A

The decision to engage in body modification is part of constructing our “front-stage” and “back-stage” selves.
=>We decide on the image that we intentionally project to others.

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16
Q

The disapproval of _____ & _____ makes body mod. less likely.

A

Friends & Peers

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17
Q

Women may use tattooing in developing either a ______ ______ or a ________ _______

A

established femininity; resistant femininity

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18
Q

Established Femininity

A

embodies the dominant cultural constructions of what a female body should look like.

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19
Q

Resistant Femininity

A

opposes dominant gender ideals & serves as a form of resistance to existing structures of power in society.

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20
Q

What is the core ideology of straightedge subculture?

A

Resistance to the perceived hedonism and self-indulgence of the modern world.
->building lives around physical purity & control of one’s body

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21
Q

What are the 3 most common tattoo designs chosen by those in the straightedge subculture?

A
  1. Symbols of life declaration
  2. Symbols of pacification
  3. Symbols of indictment
22
Q

How may the process of tattooing itself be part of the straightedge ideology?

A
  1. Drawing attention to their message

2. Enduring physical pain to demonstrate control over one’s body

23
Q

Tattooing & other body modification is a ______ project

A

Redesigning

24
Q

Body size/ weight is a _____ project

A

Adapting

25
Q

How is the ideal body weight determined in medicine/science?

A

based on “risks” for negative health consequences & most commonly measured via BMI

26
Q

Normal BMI range

A

18.4-24.9

27
Q

Over weight BMI range

A

25-29.9

28
Q

Obese BMI range

A

30 +

29
Q

Under weight BMI range

A

less that 18.4

30
Q

The underweight tend to be concentrated in ______ nations

A

developing

31
Q

When does Anorexia peak?

A

during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood.

32
Q

In males, more common than anorexia is…

A

Muscle dysmorphia/ “Bigorexia”

33
Q

Research on being overweight consistently points to what as a direct cause?

A

Consuming more calories than are expended

34
Q

The UNDERLYING factors of being overweight are…

A

multifaceted

35
Q

Name the 4 categories of theories regarding the causes of Anorexia

A
  1. ego-psychological
  2. family systems
  3. endocrinological
  4. sociocultural
36
Q

Ego-psychological theories of anorexia

A

Emphasize impaired psychological functioning emerging from child-mother relationships

37
Q

Family Systems theories of anorexia

A

facilitated by emotionally enmeshed, rigid, overly controlling families.

38
Q

Endocrinological theories of anorexia

A

Explore various hormonal defects.

39
Q

Sociocultural theories of anorexia

A

Look at social norms emphasizing thinness, media images, and social learning or modelling

40
Q

For both men and women, the ideal body leans towards the ____ side.

A

thin

41
Q

Ideal bodies in industrialized vs. developing countries?

A
  • Industrialized countries where food is plentiful= slender ideal for women
  • Developing countries= larger bodies idealized
    • if permeated w/ American media influences-> standards get thinner
42
Q

What is the portrayal of male bodies in the media?

A
  • focuses on a combo of weight and muscularity

- emergence of the muscular ideal

43
Q

Popular perceptions and the media’s portrayal constitute what component of the social typing process?

A

The evaluation component.

44
Q

Why would governments concern themselves with obesity?

A

Negative impacts on the health of lots of people-> nations experience economic drains

45
Q

One of the consequences of social control is the adoption of a ____ identity

A 
fat identity
(internalization & socially typing oneself)
46
Q

Give an example of an active and of a passive external cue regarding body weight. Which have the greatest influence?

A

Active: comments from others
Passive: seeing your reflection in a store window.

Active cues have the greatest influence.

47
Q

How are female body ideals shifting?

A

lean, toned, curvy, & not too muscular

-> curvy fit ideal

48
Q

Is it more socially acceptable for a woman to be extremely thin or extremely muscular?

A

thin

49
Q

Anorexics may develop a _____ identity.

A

“anorexic” identity- feel isolated, even say others expect them to act anorexic

50
Q

The nickname “ana” refers to

A

pro-annorexia advice

Soc 224: Textbook (4 decks)

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